As stated above, DHSC works closely with the NIHR and UKRI to monitor the research and clinical trial pipeline for antimicrobials and alternative therapies. DHSC commissions research through NIHR. NIHR does not routinely ringfence funding for specific conditions or research areas but welcomes funding applications for research into any aspect of human health, including bacteriophages. These applications are subject to peer review and judged in open competition, with awards being made on the basis of the importance of the topic to patients and health and care services, value for money and scientific quality. In all disease areas, the amount of NIHR funding depends on the volume and quality of scientific activity. As outlined in evidence provided to the committee, the Medical Research Council (MRC) received very few applications for phage research in the last decade. However, with the growing interest from the Phage KTN, this inquiry, and the launch of the Centre of Phage Research in Leicester, among other initiatives, there are positive signs for the future of phage research. NIHR focuses on early translational research, clinical research, and applied health and social care research. NIHR and DHSC are working closely with UKRI to explore approaches to improve capacity for phage research in the UK. Through fora such as the AMR funders forum, research funders including the NIHR can explore possible collaborative approaches to research funding for phages.