We share the concerns of many that the existing approach to calculating payments based on “income foregone” will be unattractive to farmers and ineffective for the environment. Payments for environmental actions need to fairly and fully represent Environmental Land Management and the agricultural transition 43 the management costs associated with delivering them. It is also true that agri- environment delivery has in the past been underpinned by BPS payments, and Defra must ensure that payments for new schemes are high enough to account for the loss of this money.