Net zero aviation and shipping

Environmental Audit Committee Closed Inquiry
Opened: 20 Jul 2021 Closed: 13 Mar 2025 Parliament page
Aviation and shipping pose major challenges to reducing emissions. Together they account for 10% of UK greenhouse gas emissions and on current trends, aviation will be the largest emitting sector by 2050. The Government has set ambitious targets to reach net zero emissions by 2050 for the UK’s share of … Read more
32 Recommendations
38 Conclusions
2 Reports
5 Oral sessions
3 Letters
5 Events
Activity timeline 17 events
13 Mar
2025
Correspondence
13 Feb
2025
Report published
13 Feb
2025
Correspondence
29 May
2024
Report published
3 Apr
2024
Report published
21 Dec
2023
Report published
9 Jun
2022
Correspondence
18 May
2022
Oral evidence
18 May
2022
Formal meeting (oral evidence session) · Room 6, Palace of Westminster
30 Mar
2022
Oral evidence
30 Mar
2022
Formal meeting (oral evidence session) · Room 15, Palace of Westminster
26 Jan
2022
Oral evidence
Oral evidence sessions 5 sessions
18 May 2022
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Panel 1; Panel 3
Eamonn Beirne · Department for Transport Emma Gilthorpe · Jet Zero Council Holly Greig · Department for Transport Lee Rowley · Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Paul Griffiths · Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Robert Courts · Department for Transport Sophie Lane · Aerospace Technology Institute
30 Mar 2022
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Panel 1; Panel 2
Andy Cornell · Renewable Transport Fuel Association David Morgan · easyJet Dr Neville Hargreaves · Velocys Helena Bennett · Green Alliance Hemant Mistry · International Air Transport Association Jonathon Counsell · International Airlines Group Mr Jonathan Hinkles · Loganair Paddy Lowe · Zero Petroleum
26 Jan 2022
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Alex Clark · Smith School of Enterprise and Environment, University of Oxford Dr Tristan Smith · UCL Energy Institute Guy Platten · International Chamber of Shipping Katharine Palmer · Lloyd's Register Michael Parker · Citi Mike McCartain · Associated British Ports
1 Dec 2021
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Panel 1; Panel 2
Glenn Llewellyn · Airbus Hannah Tew · Connected Places Catapult Leo Murray · Possible Matt Gorman · Heathrow Airport Tim Johnson · Aviation Environment Federation Val Miftakhov · ZeroAvia
27 Oct 2021
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Panel 1; Panel 2
Anna Ziou · UK Chamber of Shipping Chris Young · Rolls-Royce Dr Andy Jefferson · Sustainable Aviation Dr Chika Miyoshi · Cranfield University Sarah Kenny · Maritime UK Simon Bullock · Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Manchester
Title HC No. Published Items Response
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK shipping HC 509 29 May 2024 33 Responded
Third Report - Net zero and the UK aviation sector HC 404 21 Dec 2023 37 Responded
Recommendations & Conclusions
70 results
1 Conclusion Accepted
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Non-CO2 climate impacts of aviation remain unquantifiable and poorly understood
The impact of conventional aviation activity on climate is still not fully quantifiable. While the contribution of aviation to levels of atmospheric CO and other greenhouse 2 gases is quantifiable and substantial, the climate impact of other emissions from aviation … Read more
Government Response
The government agrees with the conclusion, affirming its commitment to accelerate work on aviation's non-CO2 climate impacts by launching a multi-year, multi-million research program and establishing a Task and Finish Group that agreed to short-term actions for 2024. Findings from this research will be incorporated into the major review of the Jet Zero Strategy in 2027, with annual monitoring starting in 2025.
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2 Conclusion Deferred
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Commission and support research into aviation's total environmental effects for net zero strategy
We consider that any strategy designed to reduce the impact of UK aviation activity on global warming ought to encompass the environmental effects of aviation in their entirety. We therefore recommend that the Government actively commission, promote and support research … Read more
Government Response
The government notes the recommendation but responds by stating it will include international aviation and shipping emissions in the Sixth Carbon Budget, legislating for this at the earliest opportunity, rather than committing to actively commissioning and supporting broader research into aviation's total environmental effects.
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3 Conclusion Acknowledged
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Inclusion of international aviation emissions in Sixth Carbon Budget sends positive signal
The Government’s decision to include international aviation emissions in the UK’s budgets with effect from the Sixth Carbon Budget has sent a very positive signal about the UK’s resolve to address carbon emissions from UK aviation by the use of … Read more
Government Response
The government notes the recommendation, acknowledges the complexity and varying models for aviation emissions, and states that DfT is continually improving its modelling capability and will consider new evidence as part of monitoring the Jet Zero Strategy.
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4 Conclusion Accepted
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Legislation for international aviation emissions commitment significantly delayed by government
We are nevertheless concerned that legislation to give effect to this commitment has not been brought forward for approval by Parliament, over two and a half years since the commitment was originally made and over two years since the Government … Read more
Government Response
The government notes the concern about delayed legislation but does not commit to bringing it forward. Instead, it outlines existing efforts to improve aviation efficiencies, such as Free Route Airspace deployment and funding for the Aerospace Technology Institute Programme.
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5 Recommendation Deferred
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Lay draft statutory instrument defining international aviation and shipping emissions before Parliament
We recommend that the Government lay before Parliament for approval, without further delay, a draft statutory instrument under section 30 of the Climate Change Act 2008 to define the emissions from international aviation and international shipping which are to be … Read more
Government Response
The government agrees with the recommendation but does not commit to laying the draft statutory instrument. Instead, it discusses the refreshed Airspace Modernisation Strategy and its focus on modernising airspace and enabling new aircraft technologies.
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6 Conclusion Accepted
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Varying projections for UK aviation emissions reductions by 2050 lack reliability
The outputs from the modelling undertaken by the Climate Change Committee, the Government and Sustainable Aviation vary as to the projections of likely emissions reductions from UK aviation by 2050. In some instances these variations are substantial, and tend to … Read more
Government Response
The government agrees with the conclusion about varying emissions projections and outlines specific actions to develop Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF), including introducing a SAF mandate from 2025 requiring 10% SAF by 2030 and investing £135 million through the Advanced Fuels Fund.
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7 Recommendation Deferred
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Commission comparative analysis of UK aircraft emissions models with Climate Change Committee.
We recommend that the Government work with the Climate Change Committee and Sustainable Aviation on a comparative analysis of the models underpinning the projections for UK aircraft emissions, so as to reach consensus, as far as possible, on the likely … Read more
Government Response
The government partially agrees with the recommendation but deflects the request for a comparative analysis of aviation emissions models. Instead, it focuses on the sustainability criteria of the forthcoming Sustainable Aviation Fuel mandate and its efforts to promote high SAF standards internationally.
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8 Conclusion Accepted
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Significant potential exists for increased operational efficiencies in UK aviation to reduce CO2.
There is evidently significant potential for increased efficiencies across all aviation’s operations which can lead to incremental reductions in CO2 emissions across the UK aviation sector. Efficiencies from fuel use in the current and emergent fleet of aircraft, better use … Read more
Government Response
The government agrees with the potential for increased efficiencies and details its role in securing international agreements, including ICAO's target to reduce global aviation fuel emissions by 5% by 2030 and the adoption of the CORSIA sustainability framework for SAF.
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9 Conclusion Accepted
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Achieving 0.5% annual aircraft fuel efficiency gains demands significant R&D and industry incentives.
We agree with the Climate Change Committee that the 0.5% year-on-year improvement in fuel efficiency from the aircraft fleet requires considerable effort both in research and development activity and in incentivising the industry to renew existing aircraft fleets. Read more
Government Response
The government notes the recommendation and has committed to introducing an industry-funded revenue certainty mechanism to support Sustainable Aviation Fuel production by the end of 2026, with a consultation on design options to be published within six months of the Energy Act 2023 receiving Royal Assent.
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10 Recommendation Deferred
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Maintain and enhance engagement with aviation for 2% annual CO2 reduction monitoring.
We recommend that the Government sustain and enhance its engagement with the aviation industry on the delivery of operational efficiencies from current and future fleets of aircraft operating through the UK, to maintain the ambition to secure 2% year- on-year … Read more
Government Response
The government partially agrees, but focuses instead on its aspiration for zero-emission domestic routes by 2030 and a net-zero target for UK domestic aviation by 2040. It also outlines significant funding for the Aerospace Technology Institute Programme to support low and zero-carbon aircraft technology development.
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11 Recommendation Deferred
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Intensify DfT and CAA work on airspace modernisation, prioritising environmental sustainability.
We recommend that the Department for Transport and the Civil Aviation Authority intensify their work on airspace modernisation, bearing in mind the overarching principle of environmental sustainability.
Government Response
The government agrees but deflects the specific focus on airspace modernisation. Instead, it details the launch of a multi-year, multi-million aviation non-CO2 research programme to improve understanding and mitigation of non-CO2 climate impacts, with initial calls for academic projects launched in October 2023.
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12 Conclusion Deferred
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Support exists for Government's aim to achieve net zero in UK airport operations.
We support the Government’s aim to secure net zero in UK airport operations by
Government Response
The government agrees but focuses on enhancing the UK Emissions Trading Scheme for aviation, including phasing out free allocation by 2026. It will also develop and consult on proposals for how the UK ETS should treat Sustainable Aviation Fuel use, exploring alternatives to SAF being zero-rated in the future.
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13 Conclusion Accepted
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Sustainable aviation fuels offer emissions reduction, but reliance on nascent technology is high risk.
Sustainable aviation fuels may offer a means of reducing the carbon emissions attributable to the lifecycle of aviation kerosene from its production to its combustion, and the Government envisions a substantial role for SAFs. There is nevertheless potential for wide … Read more
Government Response
The government commits to monitoring progress against emissions targets annually from 2025, conducting major reviews of the Jet Zero Strategy every five years (first in 2027), and producing a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation framework.
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14 Conclusion Acknowledged
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Government initiatives to establish domestic SAF industry and mandate are welcomed and monitored.
We welcome the initiatives taken by the Government to date to establish a domestic industry for the manufacture of sustainable aviation fuels, and the steps it is taking to build long-term supply chains for domestic and international aviation. We note … Read more
Government Response
The government notes the committee's observation and states that while its Jet Zero Strategy focuses on new fuels and technology without limiting growth, it will consider further measures if the sector does not meet emissions reduction targets.
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15 Recommendation Accepted
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Establish strongest safeguards in UK SAF policy to ensure significant lifecycle emissions savings.
We are concerned that the broad definition of what is currently considered a sustainable fuel, and the absence of a global standard for SAFs, may lead to the development of aviation fuels which cannot credibly be described as sustainable. We … Read more
Government Response
The government agrees with the recommendation, confirming it will introduce a SAF mandate from 2025 with strict sustainability criteria to ensure genuine lifecycle emissions savings. It will also require evidence of lifecycle emissions from fuel producers and is supporting the industry through the £135 million Advanced Fuels Fund.
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16 Recommendation Accepted in Part
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Establish clear criteria for land allocation to grow SAF feedstocks in Land Use Strategy.
We note with approval the Government’s criteria restricting the feedstocks to be used in UK-manufactured SAF and specifying that feedstocks are not to be obtained from land with high biodiversity value or land with high carbon stocks. We recommend that … Read more
Government Response
The government partially agrees, stating that strict sustainability criteria in the forthcoming SAF mandate will ensure emissions savings and protect against land use change. It also confirms it takes every opportunity in international forums to press for high sustainability standards in SAF production.
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17 Recommendation Accepted
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Establish comprehensive global regulatory standards for sustainable aviation fuels through ICAO.
We further recommend that Ministers and officials work vigorously at the ICAO and in all other relevant international bodies for the establishment of a global regulatory standard for SAFs which is comprehensive and rigorous.
Government Response
The government agrees with the recommendation, noting it already took a leading role in achieving an agreement at ICAO's CAAF/3 for a 2030 emissions reduction target and the establishment of the comprehensive CORSIA sustainability approach for SAF, and continues to strengthen this framework.
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18 Conclusion
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
UK SAF Clearing House established to support producers with certification and approval.
We welcome the establishment of an UK SAF Clearing House at the University of Sheffield to support SAF producers through the process of certification and approval of their products for commercial use.
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19 Recommendation Deferred
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Implement a price support mechanism to incentivise investment in SAF production pathways.
The Government must match its ambition for the development of a domestic SAF industry with an appropriate appetite for risk and innovation in order to ensure that commercial production of truly sustainable fuels develops at pace. The introduction of a … Read more
Government Response
The government notes the recommendation, referring to prior commitments to introduce a revenue certainty mechanism, with a delivery plan by the end of 2026. It will publish a consultation on options for designing and implementing the mechanism within six months of the Energy Act 2023 Royal Assent.
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20 Conclusion Acknowledged
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Zero-emission flight shows promising long-term potential for eliminating aviation carbon emissions.
Zero-emission flight represents a very promising long-term prospect for achieving reductions in the CO2 emissions from UK aviation. Unlike the use of SAF, zero- emission flight technologies hold out the promise of eliminating the carbon emissions entailed in aircraft movements. … Read more
Government Response
The government acknowledges the committee's observation by detailing its significant financial support for the Aerospace Technology Institute Programme, which funds the development of new and zero-carbon emission aircraft technology.
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21 Recommendation Accepted in Part
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Establish a 2040 target for zero-emission aircraft on essential UK connectivity routes.
While zero-emission flight technologies offer a route to significant reductions in aviation’s CO2 emissions, their deployment is realistically likely to be limited to short-haul flights for the foreseeable future. ZEF can play a significant role in Net zero and the … Read more
Government Response
The government partially agrees, having an aspiration for zero-emission routes by 2030 and a target for UK domestic aviation to reach net zero by 2040, but not a specific target for the full roll-out of zero-emission aircraft on a minimum number of essential routes by 2040. It also funds ZEF technology development.
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22 Recommendation Accepted
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Include funding for research into non-CO2 atmospheric effects of zero-emission flight technologies.
Zero-emission flight is sometimes described as providing ‘guilt-free’ flying. While it is the case that ZEF technologies remove the CO2 emissions from conventional aircraft movements which are aviation’s most damaging effect on the environment, the potential effects on the atmosphere … Read more
Government Response
The government accepted the recommendation, confirming it launched a multi-year, multi-million aviation non-CO2 research programme in October 2023, with further calls planned, and specifically focusing on hydrogen-powered aircraft impacts.
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23 Conclusion Accepted
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Requiring airlines to price emissions through trading schemes is a constructive mechanism.
Requiring airlines to set a price on their emissions, and purchase credits for these emissions through a trading scheme, can be a constructive mechanism to ensure that the carbon cost of aviation is more adequately reflected in the cost to … Read more
Government Response
The government agrees with the mechanism described and commits to enhancing the UK ETS for aviation, including phasing out free allocation by 2026 and developing proposals for how the UK ETS should treat Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF).
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24 Conclusion Accepted
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Free ETS allocations for aviation ending, SAF pricing needs to reflect carbon impact.
We welcome the decision of the UK Government and devolved administrations to end the issuing of free ETS allocations to aviation with effect from the 2026–2030 allocation period. We note that the use of SAF in aviation is currently zero-rated … Read more
Government Response
The government agrees, confirming the phase-out of free ETS allocations by 2026 and stating they will develop and consult on proposals for how the UK ETS should treat SAF in the future, exploring alternative options for its pricing.
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25 Recommendation Accepted
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Implement UK ETS changes to remove conventional aviation fuel from free allocations.
We recommend that the Government implement its proposed changes to the UK ETS so as to remove conventional aviation fuel from free allocations, and that it consult on a methodology to include SAF in the ETS in a way which … Read more
Government Response
The government agrees with the recommendation, confirming the phase-out of free aviation fuel allocations by 2026 and committing to developing and consulting on proposals for how to treat Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) within the UK ETS.
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26 Conclusion Accepted
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Aviation emissions offsetting mechanisms offer only a temporary, stopgap solution.
Offsetting mechanisms, such as CORSIA, may provide an interim step towards contributing to the removal from the atmosphere of the emissions attributable to UK aviation. We commend the Government on the work it has already undertaken at international level to … Read more
Government Response
The government agrees with the committee's observation, detailing its leading role in the ICAO CAAF/3 agreement for a 5% global aviation fuel emissions reduction target by 2030, which enshrined the CORSIA sustainability approach for SAF as a comprehensive international standard.
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27 Conclusion Accepted
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Residual aviation emissions will require alternative abatement methods for net zero.
Aviation is a sector of the economy where emissions are recognised to be some of the hardest to abate. Under all the scenarios presented for the reduction in emissions from UK domestic and international aviation, it is recognised that there … Read more
Government Response
The government acknowledges aviation is a hard-to-abate sector and states it is already supporting various technology, fuel, and market-based measures to address aviation emissions.
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28 Conclusion Deferred
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Aviation demand management is effective but lacks formal modelling in Jet Zero Strategy.
There is considerable dispute over the desirability of policy measures which would reduce UK aviation emissions by reducing the demand for aviation services. The Climate Change Committee has been clear that demand management is the most effective way of reducing … Read more
Government Response
The government noted the conclusion, stating its Jet Zero Strategy focuses on new fuels and technology rather than limiting aviation growth, but committed to considering further measures if emissions targets are not met.
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29 Conclusion Acknowledged
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Jet Zero Strategy prioritises aviation growth over demand management, exceeding CCC recommendations.
We note that UK Ministers have so far ruled out the inclusion of active demand management measures in the Jet Zero Strategy in preference for a policy which promotes the growth of the airline industry following the pandemic. This is … Read more
Government Response
The government notes the committee's observation about its preference for growth over demand management in the Jet Zero Strategy, stating its focus is on new fuels and technology to achieve net zero, but will consider further measures if emissions targets are not met.
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30 Conclusion Deferred
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Jet Zero Strategy lacks direct policies to discourage flying, relying on indirect measures.
While the Jet Zero Strategy contains measures to influence consumers towards more sustainable choices, and includes carbon pricing measures which will have an indirect effect on demand, it does not include any policy instruments designed to discourage flying in favour … Read more
Government Response
The government notes the recommendation, reiterating its Jet Zero Strategy focus on new fuels and technology, and states it will only consider further measures if the sector is not meeting its emissions reductions trajectory.
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31 Conclusion Accepted
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Aviation emissions reduction faces significant challenges, with carbon costs risking innovation and market distortion.
While we note the ambition shown by the Government and by the aviation industry in proposing technological methods to reduce aviation emissions, we recognise the very significant challenges for the industry in delivering the required reductions, and note that any … Read more
Government Response
The government agreed with the conclusion, stating it will accelerate work on aviation's non-CO2 climate impacts, launching a multi-year, multi-million research programme in October 2023, with a major review of the Jet Zero Strategy in 2027.
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32 Conclusion Deferred
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Government’s high-ambition Jet Zero Strategy carries risk of failing emissions targets.
We recognise that the Government’s decision, while consistent with a policy of promoting the UK aviation industry, carries a degree of risk. In order to deliver the emissions reductions foreseen, the high ambition scenario in the Jet Zero Strategy needs … Read more
Government Response
The government notes the recommendation, reiterating its Jet Zero Strategy focus on new fuels and technology, and states that it will only consider further measures if the sector is not meeting its emissions reductions trajectory.
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33 Recommendation Rejected
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Climate Change Committee urges development of aviation demand management policy and technology options.
The Climate Change Committee has argued that demand-side measures have an important role to play in ensuring that the aviation sector delivers the necessary emissions reductions and that risks in the current approach are mitigated. That Committee has therefore urged … Read more
Government Response
The government notes the recommendation but rejects directly limiting aviation growth, stating the Jet Zero Strategy focuses on new fuels and technology. They will only consider further measures if the sector is not meeting emissions reductions trajectory.
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34 Conclusion Accepted in Part
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Five-yearly Jet Zero Strategy review timetable is too relaxed, risking late policy adjustments.
Ministers have committed to five-yearly reviews of progress against the Jet Zero Strategy’s targets, and have undertaken to take action to amend policy if it appears to be necessary. On the current timetable the first such review is to take … Read more
Government Response
The government notes the concern about the review timetable, stating they will monitor progress annually from 2025, with the first major review of the Jet Zero Strategy remaining in 2027. They also plan to produce a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation framework.
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35 Recommendation Accepted in Part
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Undertake initial review of Jet Zero Strategy modelling by end of 2025 for emissions targets.
We recommend that an initial review of the Jet Zero Strategy and the modelling underlying its ‘high ambition’ scenario be undertaken no later than the end of 2025, with a view to determining whether the Strategy remains on track to … Read more
Government Response
The government notes the recommendation, stating they will monitor progress annually from 2025 but reaffirming the first major review of the Strategy and delivery plan will be in 2027, rather than by the end of 2025. They also plan to produce a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation framework.
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36 Recommendation Acknowledged
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Aviation sector must actively engage in review of emissions reduction shortfalls.
The review should be undertaken with the active engagement of the UK aviation sector, which is principally responsible for delivering the reductions in emissions it has claimed are possible: any shortfalls in delivery ought to be reviewed and urgently remedied. Read more
Government Response
The government notes the recommendation and outlines its commitment to a data-led approach, including annual monitoring of the Jet Zero Strategy from 2025, major reviews every five years, and the development of a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation framework.
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37 Recommendation Deferred
Third Report - Net zero and the UK…
Develop policy proposals for aviation demand reduction, including frequent flyer levy.
Should the evidence of the review indicate that technological measures alone will not deliver the emissions reductions predicted, we recommend that Ministers reconsider the role of demand management measures in aviation emissions policy. In preparation for the outcome of that … Read more
Government Response
The government notes the recommendation but reiterates its current strategy to achieve net zero without limiting aviation growth, stating it will only consider further measures if the sector is not meeting its emissions reductions trajectory.
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1 Conclusion Acknowledged
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
We welcome the International Maritime Organization’s adoption in 2023 of a revised Greenhouse Gas Strategy...
We welcome the International Maritime Organization’s adoption in 2023 of a revised Greenhouse Gas Strategy and the clearer signals it provides to IMO States and the shipping industry on the pathway to achieving net zero ambitions from shipping by 2050. Read more
Government Response
The government welcomes the IMO's 2023 Revised GHG Strategy and commits to working towards the highest possible ambition as part of the next review in 2028.
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2 Conclusion Accepted
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
The UK’s influence over and contribution to international shipping activity is considerable.
The UK’s influence over and contribution to international shipping activity is considerable. We commend the UK Government on its contribution to date in securing a global strategy which is far more ambitious than that initially adopted by the IMO in … Read more
Government Response
The government accepts the conclusion and is actively working with IMO Member States to champion ambitious GHG reduction regulatory measures for international shipping. They will continue to build international consensus for agreements in 2025, implementation in 2027, and to increase the stringency of the IMO's 2023 GHG Strategy in 2028.
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3 Conclusion Accepted
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
We nevertheless observe that the strategy adopted by the IMO does not currently align with...
We nevertheless observe that the strategy adopted by the IMO does not currently align with a pathway consistent with the Paris Agreement target of limiting global warming to 1.5°C, and that its ambition is limited to achieving net zero emissions … Read more
Government Response
The government accepts the observation, committing to work with IMO member states to agree ambitious GHG reduction measures by MEPC 2025 for implementation in 2027, and to increase the stringency of the IMO’s 2023 GHG Strategy when revised in 2028.
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4 Conclusion Accepted
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
The period to 2028 and the expected adoption of a further GHG Strategy will be...
The period to 2028 and the expected adoption of a further GHG Strategy will be a crucial one for international shipping emissions, as agreement is reached on regulatory measures to implement the 2023 Strategy and as IMO States seek consensus … Read more
Government Response
The government accepts the conclusion and is actively working with IMO Member States to agree and implement ambitious GHG reduction measures by MEPC 2025/2027. They will also seek to increase the stringency of the IMO's 2023 GHG Strategy in 2028.
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5 Recommendation Accepted
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
We recommend that the Government continue to work at the IMO for adoption of effective...
We recommend that the Government continue to work at the IMO for adoption of effective regulatory measures to implement the 2023 Strategy. In tandem with this, Ministers must press for a 2028 Greenhouse Gas Strategy which consolidates the ambition of … Read more
Government Response
The government accepts the recommendation, committing to continue working with IMO Member States to champion ambitious GHG reduction regulatory measures, aiming for agreement by MEPC 2025 and implementation by 2027. They will also seek to increase the stringency of the IMO’s 2023 GHG Strategy when revised in 2028.
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6 Recommendation Accepted
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Prompt and effective implementation of IMO conventions will be essential to the delivery of meaningful...
Prompt and effective implementation of IMO conventions will be essential to the delivery of meaningful reductions in shipping emissions in line with Paris goals and national net zero pathways. We therefore urge the UK to work with those flag States … Read more
Government Response
The government accepts the recommendation, committing to work with other flag states through appropriate IMO mechanisms to maximise the implementation of GHG emission reduction measures. This includes supporting capacity building and technical cooperation at the IMO, and utilising the IMO Member State Audit Scheme.
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7 Conclusion Accepted
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Current international shipping emissions allocation method unsustainable for UK policy development.
The current method for allocating international shipping emissions between states appears unsustainable as a basis for making UK policy on international shipping emissions and determining the maximum emissions permissible from the UK’s international shipping in the Sixth Carbon Budget. The … Read more
Government Response
The government accepts the conclusion and has developed a new maritime emissions model based on global vessel data to review and update the methodology for calculating UK shipping emissions. They aim to legislate for the inclusion of international shipping emissions in the Sixth Carbon Budget.
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8 Recommendation Accepted
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Assess merits of introducing voyage-based measure for UK's international shipping emissions contribution.
We recommend that the Government urgently assess the merits of introducing a voyage- based measure of the UK’s contribution to international shipping emissions, so as to provide a sounder basis for developing policy on reducing that contribution. It is in … Read more
Government Response
The government accepts the recommendation, stating they have already developed a new maritime emissions model and will use it to review the methodology for UK national accounting. They also aim to legislate for the inclusion of international aviation and shipping emissions in the Sixth Carbon Budget at the earliest opportunity, subject to Parliamentary scheduling.
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9 Conclusion
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Ensure specific objectives and guaranteed funding for UK SHORE's green maritime technology research.
We welcome the Government’s initiative to establish UK SHORE as a dedicated unit to promote research into green maritime technology and the reduction of emissions from UK shipping. We are nevertheless concerned to note that no specific objectives or targets … Read more
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10 Recommendation Accepted
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Set stretching interim targets for UK domestic and international shipping emissions.
Net zero offers the UK an unrivalled opportunity to secure benefits for the UK maritime sector and the UK’s research and manufacturing base. It is now high time for Ministers to advance to the next stage of policy development by … Read more
Government Response
The government accepts the recommendation, committing to publish a maritime decarbonisation strategy and actively considering options for stretching interim targets for UK domestic and international shipping emissions in 2030 and 2040.
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11 Conclusion Deferred
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Shipping decarbonisation research funding dwarfed by aviation technology investment.
The provision of up to £206 million of matching funding for research into low- and zero-emission shipping is to be applauded, and no doubt represents a step change in Government investment in the field. It is, however, dwarfed by the … Read more
Government Response
The government partially accepts, recognizing the need for further R&D. It states it will consider how to take forward this recommendation as part of the next multi-year spending review, deferring specific commitments.
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12 Conclusion Deferred
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Failure to guarantee long-term funding for maritime decarbonisation research risks stifling progress.
The Government’s current refusal to guarantee funding for research and development into maritime decarbonisation beyond March 2025 is regrettable. We note that the Aviation Technology Institute has received a guarantee of funding to 2030, no doubt reflecting the importance to … Read more
Government Response
The government partially accepts, acknowledging the need for further R&D and calls for long-term certainty. It states it will consider how to progress this recommendation as part of the next multi-year spending review.
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13 Recommendation Accepted in Part
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Review and commit to further matching funding for UK shipping decarbonisation research until 2030.
The Government must send clear and unambiguous signals to the UK maritime sector that it is committed to supporting its transition to net zero. We recommend that Ministers urgently review the funding perspectives for decarbonisation of UK shipping and, no … Read more
Government Response
The government partially accepts the recommendation, recognizing the need for R&D funding and long-term certainty but states it will consider how to take this forward as part of the next multi-year spending review, rather than committing by the next fiscal event.
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14 Recommendation Accepted
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Government's failure to commit to zero-emission marine fuel manufacturing facilities is disappointing.
As with low-carbon aviation fuel, the development of manufacturing capacity for zero-emission marine fuels is vital for the security of the UK’s maritime trade and for the establishment of green shipping corridors. It is disappointing that the Government says it … Read more
Government Response
The government notes the recommendation, explains the complexity of manufacturing low-carbon marine fuels, and outlines existing support through hydrogen projects, maritime clusters, and the £206m UK SHORE programme for innovation in zero-emission fuels.
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15 Conclusion
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Modelling demonstrates benefits of domestic clean ammonia facility for zero-emission maritime fuels.
We note with interest the recent modelling undertaken by UMAS and Arup, examining how a domestic clean ammonia facility could significantly benefit the take up of zero-emission maritime fuels for ferries operating across the North Sea from Newcastle, the Tees … Read more
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16 Recommendation Acknowledged
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Develop strategy and delivery plan for zero-emission marine fuel manufacturing facilities in UK clusters.
As part of the updated Clean Maritime Plan the Government must develop a strategy to support the development in UK maritime clusters of facilities for the manufacture of zero-emission marine fuels. This strategy must be supported by a delivery plan … Read more
Government Response
The government notes the recommendation, stating that the manufacture of zero-emission marine fuels is a complex issue with unfully understood competitiveness. They highlight existing support for low-carbon hydrogen projects and maritime clusters, and innovation funding through the £206m UK SHORE programme.
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17 Recommendation Deferred
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Consult on introducing a revenue support mechanism to incentivise UK zero-emission marine fuel production.
We recommend that Ministers consult on the introduction of a revenue support mechanism to incentivise the commercial production of zero-emission marine fuels in the UK. (Paragraph 139) Technical measures to decarbonise shipping: efficiency improvements Read more
Government Response
The government notes the recommendation, recognising the need for low-carbon fuels but stating more evidence is needed on how to incentivise UK production. They are committed to gathering further evidence on the potential production of these fuels.
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18 Recommendation Accepted in Part
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Clean Maritime Plan lacks clear, measurable objectives for shipping operational efficiencies.
The current Clean Maritime Plan sets no clear or measurable objectives for the UK’s contribution to operational efficiencies from domestic and international shipping.
Government Response
The government partially accepts the recommendation, recognizing efficiency's role and committing to support the IMO's review of energy efficiency measures, while also exploring the case for complementary domestic measures.
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19 Recommendation Accepted in Part
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Set stretching interim targets for UK domestic shipping emission savings within the refreshed Clean Maritime Plan.
The refreshed Clean Maritime Plan must set stretching interim targets for the emissions savings to be achieved from operational efficiencies in UK domestic shipping to 2050, together with a detailed plan for how these savings are to be achieved through … Read more
Government Response
The government partially accepts the recommendation, acknowledging the role of efficiency in decarbonisation and stating its intent to support the IMO's review of energy efficiency measures. However, it does not commit to setting stretching interim targets or a detailed plan for UK domestic shipping, instead focusing on exploring the case for domestic measures.
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20 Conclusion Acknowledged
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
UK's 'soft power' via English law and Hydrographic Office aids global shipping decarbonisation.
The UK’s influence in international shipping is considerable and extends beyond its prominent position at the IMO. The basis of the majority of international shipping contracts is English law. The UK Hydrographic Office provides unrivalled resources to support vessels in … Read more
Government Response
The government notes the observation, recognising the UK's leading role in shipping law and hydrography. It states it is considering how to reflect and build on these strengths while developing a maritime decarbonisation strategy.
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21 Recommendation Acknowledged
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Commission workstream to optimise international shipping efficiency through UK Hydrographic Office expertise.
We recommend that, as part of the refreshed Clean Maritime Plan, Ministers commission a workstream to examine how the efficiency of international shipping operations can be further optimised by the appropriate development of the expertise in the UK Hydrographic Office. Read more
Government Response
The government notes the recommendation, stating it will engage with UK stakeholders, including the UKHO and other expertise centers, as part of its work on energy efficiency, rather than commissioning a specific new workstream.
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22 Conclusion Deferred
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
IMO existing ship efficiency standards lack ambition; more stringent UK approach offers benefits.
IMO standards for existing ship efficiency provide progressively more stringent measures to require the existing fleet to reduce its emissions. Current measures have been criticised for a lack of ambition. While the amendments to the MARPOL Convention currently being contemplated … Read more
Government Response
The government notes the conclusion, recognising the need for improvements to IMO short-term measures and committing to push for changes through the ongoing IMO review process. However, it deems it premature to consult on a more stringent UK approach while the IMO review is underway.
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23 Recommendation Deferred
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Consult on regulating carbon intensity of vessels entering UK ports for 'A' to 'C' ratings.
We recommend that Ministers consult on the emissions benefits to be achieved through regulating the maximum carbon intensity of vessels allowed to enter UK ports, with a view to permitting only those vessels rated ‘A’ to ‘C’ for carbon intensity … Read more
Government Response
The government notes the recommendation but defers action, stating it would be premature to consult on regulating carbon intensity of vessels entering UK ports given the ongoing IMO review process. It will continue to support the IMO review and explore further domestic measures.
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24 Conclusion Accepted
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Government delay in shore power policy for UK ports is unwelcome during grid connection challenges.
It is regrettable that the Government has changed course on its policy on the provision of shore power to UK ports. In a period where grid connections are currently at a premium and demand for electricity supply is increasing, the … Read more
Government Response
The government accepts the conclusion and is considering options for a call for evidence, alongside its domestic maritime decarbonisation plan, to understand existing clean energy infrastructure at ports and enable their decarbonisation, including timely grid connection upgrades.
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25 Recommendation Accepted in Part
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Launch net zero ports consultation immediately to plan infrastructure, funding, and electrification requirements.
We recommend that Ministers launch their planned consultation on net zero ports without further delay, so as to gather signals from the ports industry and the wider maritime sector at the earliest opportunity as to what infrastructure is likely to … Read more
Government Response
The government accepts the recommendation and is considering options for a call for evidence alongside its domestic maritime decarbonisation plan, aiming to collate evidence on port clean energy infrastructure and enable port decarbonisation.
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26 Conclusion Accepted
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Clydebank Declaration and green shipping corridors represent significant progress in decarbonising shipping.
The initial Clydebank Declaration, and the consolidation and development of initiatives for green shipping corridors since COP26, represent considerable progress in collaboration between governments, and between the Government and industry, in the practical measures required to make decarbonised shipping a … Read more
Government Response
The government partially accepts the commendation, detailing ongoing funding through the UK SHORE programme (£1.1m for feasibility studies, £80.4m for ZEVI) and bilateral partnerships to support the establishment of Green Corridors, demonstrating continued proactive work in this area.
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27 Conclusion Accepted
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
UK demonstrating green corridor implementation and welcoming international collaborations on maritime decarbonisation
The UK, as a leading proponent of this multilateral approach, is demonstrating how green corridors can be implemented on domestic, regional and intercontinental routes. We welcome the recent announcement of collaborations to establish green corridors between the UK, the Netherlands, … Read more
Government Response
The government partially accepts the welcome, detailing ongoing funding through the UK SHORE programme (including £1.1m for feasibility studies and £80.4m for ZEVI) and established bilateral partnerships to support the development of Green Corridors, with further project winners to be announced soon.
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28 Recommendation Accepted in Part
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Require Ministers to set out current state of green corridor feasibility studies and discussions
In its response to this report we expect Ministers to set out the current state of each of the green corridor feasibility studies UK SHORE is engaged in, and the state of discussions with the USA, Canada, Singapore and other … Read more
Government Response
The government partially accepts the recommendation, providing details on £1.1m funding for three Green Corridor feasibility studies and £80.4m for zero-emission vessel technology. They list bilateral partnerships with several countries, acknowledging current engagement and stating progress on individual corridors will be provided at appropriate points.
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29 Conclusion
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Domestic shipping included in UK ETS; international shipping exclusion under consultation
We welcome the inclusion of domestic shipping in the UK Emissions Trading Scheme from 2026. We also note the initial decision of the UK ETS Authority not to extend the UK ETS to cover international shipping. The Authority’s position is … Read more
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30 Recommendation Accepted
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Press for global market-based measure for international shipping at IMO level by 2028
The Government must press for a global market-based measure for international shipping to be adopted and implemented at IMO level by the end of the current GHG Strategy period in 2028. To avoid ‘double counting’, any IMO measure ought to … Read more
Government Response
The government accepts the recommendation, committing to champion the adoption of an international shipping levy at the IMO's 83rd MEPC in April 2025, to take effect in 2027, and will seek to avoid double counting with other GHG pricing schemes.
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31 Conclusion Accepted
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Clean Maritime Plan revision substantially delayed beyond original and deferred timetables
The Clean Maritime Plan—the element of the Government’s Maritime 2050 strategy focused on decarbonising shipping—was issued in its initial form in 2019. At the time of publication, it was envisaged that the Plan would be reviewed in 2022. The revision … Read more
Government Response
The government accepts the conclusion and commits to publishing the delayed maritime decarbonisation strategy shortly. It will provide a pathway to net zero with interim goals, policy interventions, a framework for support, and a timeline for delivery.
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32 Recommendation Accepted in Part
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Ensure revised Clean Maritime Plan contains ambitious targets, zero-emission fuel strategy, and shore power measures
The revised Plan will represent a significant policy statement from Ministers in response to the IMO’s revised GHG strategy. It must be cast so as to outstrip the ambition of the IMO’s current strategy, while setting out stretching yet deliverable … Read more
Government Response
The government accepts this recommendation, stating it is considering options for setting interim and 2050 GHG emission goals for UK domestic maritime in its upcoming strategy and will set out the pathway to meet these. It also commits to continuing support for the IMO's GHG Strategy and developing a new maritime emissions model.
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33 Recommendation Accepted in Part
Seventh Report - Net zero and UK s…
Require Ministers to update Parliament on Clean Maritime Plan progress and commit to publication date
The delay in publication of the revised Clean Maritime Plan is highly undesirable, particularly in the light of recent intensification of international dialogues on maritime decarbonisation. Stakeholders understandably demand policy certainty before making substantial investment decisions on decarbonisation strategies. Ministers … Read more
Government Response
The government accepts this recommendation to publish the revised Clean Maritime Plan, stating it will do so 'shortly' and outlining its key contents including pathways, policy interventions, and timelines. However, it does not commit to the specific three-month deadline for publication or explicitly state when it will update Parliament before then.
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Government Response AI assessment · 66 of 32 classified
Accepted 29
Accepted in Part 11
Acknowledged 9
Deferred 16
Rejected 1
Total 32 recs + 38 conclusions
Correspondence 3 letters
13 Mar 2025 To committee Letter from the Secretary of State for Transport relating to the Government's Response to the Seventh Report from the Environmental Audit Committee of Session 2023–24, on Net zero and UK shipping, dated 3 March 2025
Parliament page
13 Feb 2025 To committee Letter from the Chair of the Committee to the Secretary of State for Transport, relating to the Government's Response to the Seventh Report from the Environmental Audit Committee of Session 2023–24, on Net zero and UK shipping, dated 12 February 2025
Parliament page
9 Jun 2022 To committee Letter from the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State (Minister for Aviation, Maritime and Security), Department for Transport, relating to the impact on aviation emissions in relation to the changes to rates for Air Passenger Duty banding, dated 27 May 2022
Parliament page