Even in a digital age, physical proximity remains key to innovation and its commercialisation and absorption. Geographic clusters can drive productivity, foster concentrated networks of expertise, infrastructure and collaboration, and support regional growth, which is economically and politically important. Yet their success relies on sustained investment, established infrastructure and skills concentration. Responsive, targeted innovation policy designed to support the emergence and growth of innovation clusters can therefore benefit both individual regions and the entire UK. (Conclusion, Paragraph 11)