The vehicle used to establish UK ARPA (i.e. legislation) must allow for clear lines of communication between it, UKRI and the wider system. This could be established through a memorandum of understanding (MoU) that both parties agree to. It should ensure that UK ARPA has the power—and, where appropriate, the duty— to cooperate and share information with UKRI to ensure that the two bodies work together effectively, and vice versa. What is deemed appropriate in this context must be weighed against UK ARPA’s requirement for operational independence, which will necessitate bespoke oversight arrangements, including possibly less formal co- ordination with existing parts of the system than what is customary. (Paragraph 101) Learning opportunities for the UK research and innovation system