Evidence from this Inquiry supports the conclusions from the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee that the impact of Environment Land Management Schemes (ELMS) should be monitored and adapted as needed throughout its implementation, to gain the benefit of an iterative approach to policy development. ELMS should also show that it delivers better environmental outcomes than previous agri-environmental schemes. However generous and efficient the payment system is, the actions being rewarded need to have their impacts monitored and assessed to ensure specific outcomes like improved insect populations are delivered by ELMS and that public money is well spent. Successful execution of this monitoring, coupled with feedback from farmers and land managers, will give a more comprehensive overview of the individual and collective effects of ELMS implementation.