Article 13 of ECAT requires state parties to provide a “recovery and reflection period” of at least 30 days to potential VOTs, i.e. when there are reasonable grounds to believe that the person concerned is a victim of trafficking. During this period, the UK must not enforce any expulsion order against them and must authorise the persons concerned to stay in their territory, unless “grounds of public order prevent it or if it is found that victim status is being claimed improperly”. Article 4 ECHR is read by the courts as reflecting the principles set out in ECAT. 144 Helen Bamber and Asylum Aid, para 12 145 Law Society of England and Wales, para 18 146 ILPA, para 51, citing: Dr Noemi Magugliani, John Trajer and Dr Jean-Pierre Gauci, ‘Assessing the Modern Slavery Impacts of the Nationality and Borders Act: One Year On’ (June 2024) 37; and IOM, ‘Updated analysis of the National Referral Mechanism data’ (24 January 2024). 147 Dr Marija Jovanovic, Q13 41