Despite the Government’s ambition to have an effective end-to-end innovation system, responsibility for overseeing progress is siloed, making it difficult to assess progress across each of the priority technology areas. No single person or organisation has responsibility for overseeing the performance of government support for the end-to-end innovation system. Without such oversight, there is a risk that support is not targeted effectively at the right innovation stages, that barriers to market deployment are not addressed quickly, and that businesses and the research community lack a clear focal point for providing feedback. DESNZ says that there is already a lot of joint working, and has put in place a governance and oversight process through the Net Zero Innovation Board, supported by the Innovation Delivery Board. However, it acknowledges that there is more to do, in particular to bridge the boundary between research and innovation on the one hand and deployment and commercialisation on the other. Recommendation 4: DESNZ, working with other departments, should identify clear responsibilities for overseeing cross-government progress on each of the net zero technologies. These responsibilities should include paying particular attention to whether factors that might impede deployment of viable technologies are being given early enough attention, for example by policy teams, regulators and the investment community.