A Local Government Association review found 448 individual grants to local authorities between 2015–16 and 2018–19, and in any one of those years local authorities received around 250 grants.103 Twenty-two grant funds were available for net zero work alone in 2020–21, many of which were competitive funds with limited delivery timescales.104 A recent Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy paper on grant funding observed that local government receives a larger number of smaller grants than previously and concluded “Smaller, shorter-duration and less flexible grants challenge the limited resources of many councils, particularly when they are competed.”105 The National Infrastructure Commission has criticised the way infrastructure and regeneration grants are allocated through multiple decision-making processes, and the fact that much capital funding for transport projects is dependent on competitive bidding, as both create uncertainty.106