The same lessons have been identified again and again across programmes, including underestimation of programme complexity at the design stage, users being unclear about their requirements, the need to have sufficient resources and skills in place, and shortcomings in delivering GFA.43 The Department only established a central register of LFE for the first time in December 2020. The Department told us that it recognises LFE as an area for improvement and pointed to the complexity of the landscape, which spans four Commands, three delivery agents and several operating centres.44 Initiatives to improve delivery