The NAO found the Department had established appropriate steps to identify lessons from other major programmes, but that it needed to go further to embed these in Northern Powerhouse Rail.23 In oral evidence, the Department was clear on the importance of learning from past failures, such as on HS2. It identified some examples of how it had changed its approach in response to the lessons, such as not determining the delivery model too fast, taking time to get the scoping and design right before starting construction, and not specifying cost estimates too early. The Department reported it was applying a structured set of lessons from HS2, Crossrail and other major infrastructure projects. It also explained it was learning positive lessons from the successes of the Transpennine Route Upgrade programme, which it said was on track to deliver early passenger benefits.24 18 Qq 18-19 and 49 19 Q 9 20 Qq 29-30 and 63 21 Q 30 22 Qq 60–63 23 C&AG’s report, para 16 24 Qq 3, 9 and 66 10