More generally, the Department and the NDA told us that they believed that there was a much greater focus on ensuring projects were well–planned. ‘Reference class forecasting’ is being used to help ensure that project baselines are realistic, and there are now more frequent ‘check–ins’ with teams during the planning phase. When members of this Committee visited the site, we were shown a ‘4D’ digital model of one of the projects, which was created during the planning stage and is now used to identify potential issues and ensure the project remains on track. The Department and the NDA also believe that there are now more robust assurance arrangements than was the case previously, with reviews carried out by the Infrastructure and Projects Authority and independent ‘red teams’.41