This financial uncertainty can have particularly devastating consequences on smaller, specialist organisations, including those run ‘by–and–for’ the people that they serve. Standing Together Against Domestic Abuse told us that funding ‘by–and–for’ services not only ensures adequate support for all survivors, regardless of specific needs, but also saves costs. For example, research referenced by Southall Black Sisters suggests that when migrant survivors with No Recourse to Public Funds (NRPF) can access ‘by–and–for’ services, net savings to local public services over 3 years total more than £18,000 per women.36 However, After Exploitation told us that throughout the delivery of the 2021 VAWG Strategy there was a dearth of support services ‘by–and–for’ survivors with diverse characteristics.37 The Home Office told us that it is committed to taking an intersectional approach to its new strategy, so that it recognises the diverse range of needs.38 35 Q 40 36 VAWG0069; VAWG0078 37 VAWG0059 38 Q 87 15 2 Monitoring and evaluation Engaging locally to understand what works