AI regulation gaps
Need for an AI regulatory framework that effectively addresses the identified challenges of AI governance.
259 items
4 sources
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Committee recommendation
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#33 - Significant regulatory gap in digital advertising allows harmful content monetisation; self-regulation is insufficient.
There is a regulatory gap around digital advertising, as much of the regulation and interventions have been industry-led and focused on tackling harmful advertising content, as opposed to the monetisation of harmful content through advertising. We are not convinced that the digital advertising industry is able, or willing, to effectively self-regulate. The government’s reliance on industry-led, content-focused solutions,...
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Committee recommendation
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#2 - Update committee on Algorithmic Transparency Standard compliance and high-risk AI spend controls.
Public trust is being jeopardised by slow progress on embedding transparency and establishing robust standards for AI adoption in the public sector. Public confidence that the AI technology used by government is fair, accurate, secure and safe is key to successful adoption. Transparency is fundamental to building that trust but as at January 2025, only 33 records had...
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terms: gaps
Committee recommendation
57match
#21 - Create an additional regulatory category for 'small but risky' platforms, based on their online harms.
The Online Safety Act does not do enough to address the risks posed by small platforms due to its exclusive focus on size. Ofcom should create an additional category to cover ‘small but risky’ platforms, based on analysis of the role that harmful smaller platforms can play in the online ecosystem, interacting with the recommendation algorithms of large...
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Committee recommendation
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#35 - 4th Report - Disinformation diplomacy: How malign actors are seeking to undermine democracy
The Government should establish an AI counter disinformation sandbox to test the boundaries of regulation and technology. The sandbox should facilitate experimentation of AI tools across Whitehall, the intelligence community and trusted international partners. (Recommendation, Paragraph 165)
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Committee recommendation
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#13 - DSIT acknowledges more work needed for AI transparency and redress mechanisms.
We asked DSIT for reassurances that there would be sufficient transparency and mechanisms for citizens to challenge AI assisted decisions. It told us that there were provisions in the Data (Use and Access) Bill to allow for redress and challenge in cases of automated decision–making. It also acknowledged that it had more to do to communicate effectively with...
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Committee recommendation
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#5 - Ofcom's powers insufficient for timely removal of individual NCII abuse content
Ofcom’s current enforcement powers, while welcome, are far too slow and not designed to help individual victims get abusive images of themselves on non-compliant websites taken down or have access to them restricted. The duties under the regulatory regime created by the Online Safety Act are a good start. However, further steps are required to effectively tackle the...
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Committee recommendation
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#59 - Conduct a review of copyright and GDPR to prevent unlicensed data use for AI.
Within the next six months the Government should also conduct a review of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the UK’s GDPR framework to consider whether further legislation is needed to prevent unlicensed use of data for AI purposes. (Recommendation, Paragraph 208)
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Committee recommendation
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#13 - Regulating powerful global technology companies presents significant challenges for governments and Parliament.
The UK government—like its counterparts around the world—is facing the challenge of attempting to regulate hugely powerful technology companies that operate across the world, providing technologies that transform societies, with bigger budgets than many countries. It is essential that their impact on our society be understood, effectively scrutinised and, where necessary, regulated in the public interest by Parliament....
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Committee recommendation
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#29 - US and EU AI governance approaches reveal downsides in scope and implementation.
Both the US and EU approaches to AI governance have their downsides. The scope of the former only imposes a requirement on Federal bodies and relies on voluntary commitments from leading developers. The latter has been criticised for its top- down, prescriptive approach and the potential for uneven implementation across different member states.
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Committee recommendation
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#37 - Public Law Project warns of bias and transparency risks in DWP's machine learning for fraud.
However, written evidence we received from the Public Law Project raised a series of risks around DWP’s use of machine learning to tackle fraud. In particular, it noted the risk of machine learning taking on human biases when it was trained on historical data and the potential for widescale detrimental impacts on claimants if there was a system...
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Committee recommendation
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#28 - Require tech companies to cleanse datasets of NCII and source data responsibly.
The private sector has innovated to create AI technology. It does not need to wait for legislation to catch up in order to safeguard individuals from harmful AI-generated content. As a starting point tech companies involved in AI content creation should cleanse their datasets of NCII content and commit to responsible sourcing of data to safeguard those datasets...
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Committee recommendation
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#24 - AI governance fragmented across government, but recent departmental transfers consolidate responsibility.
At the time of the NAO report, responsibility for AI in government was split across the Cabinet Office—which was primarily responsible for AI adoption in the public sector, through CDDO, i.AI and the Government Digital Service (GDS)—and DSIT, which held responsibility for wider AI policy. The NAO concluded that limited integration of governance between these respective programmes increased...
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Committee recommendation
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#12 - The Algorithmic Transparency Recording Standard remains underused, hindering public sector AI transparency.
The Algorithmic Transparency Recording Standard (ATRS), is intended to support public sector bodies to improve transparency and provide information about the algorithmic tools they are using, but the NAO found it was not widely used.27 We challenged DSIT on this lack of transparency as, at January 2025, only 33 records had been published on the ATRS website. 20...
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Committee recommendation
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#54 - Opt-out data mining regime risks UK’s creative industries and copyright reputation
Getting the balance between AI development and copyright wrong will undermine the growth of our film and HETV sectors, and wider creative industries. Proceeding with an ‘opt-out’ regime stands to damage the UK’s reputation among inward investors for our previously gold-standard copyright and IP framework. (Conclusion, Paragraph 193)
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Committee recommendation
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#51 - Film and TV sectors need support to responsibly embrace generative AI growth potential
Industry guidelines based around protecting human creativity in the use of generative AI are welcome, but the film and TV sectors are calling out for help to embrace the growth potential of generative AI in a way that is fair, responsible and legally compliant. (Conclusion, Paragraph 185)
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Committee recommendation
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#14 - Commission research on applying regulatory measures to SVoD platforms for IP ownership
We recommend the Government immediately commissions research on how regulatory measures, akin to the PSB terms of trade, could be applied to SVoD platforms to ensure that independent production companies developing IP in the UK maintain a minimum level of ownership over those rights. (Recommendation, Paragraph 56)
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Committee recommendation
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#30 - Social media algorithms fail to differentiate harmful from harmless content, spreading misinformation.
Advertising is crucial to major social media companies, which depend on recommending engaging content to increase time spent on their platforms and draw attention to adverts. Their recommendation algorithms do not effectively differentiate between harmless and harmful engaging content, which can result in promotion of misleading, damaging, or hateful material. The effects spread through the online ecosystem, helping...
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Committee recommendation
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#29 - Mandate generative AI platforms to automatically label AI-generated media with metadata and watermarks.
To effectively tackle amplified misinformation as per Principle 1, the government should work with relevant experts and platforms to develop technology that automatically detects AI-generated media, meeting mis/ disinformation at its source. It should mandate all generative AI platforms, and platforms that employ generative AI technologies, to automatically label AI-generated media with metadata and visible watermarks that cannot...
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Committee recommendation
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#27 - Pass legislation requiring generative AI platforms to conduct risk assessments and implement user safeguards.
To protect citizens from the AI-exacerbated spread of misinformation and harm, the government should pass legislation that covers generative AI platforms, bringing them in line with other online services that pose a high risk of producing or spreading illegal or harmful content. Following the Principles identified by this report, this legislation should require generative AI platforms to: provide...
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Committee recommendation
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#26 - Concerns regarding regulatory and government contradiction and Ofcom's complacency on online safety.
We are concerned at what appears to be contradiction and confusion between regulators and government over the capabilities, limitations and principles behind the Online Safety Act. We expect senior Ofcom officials and ministers to be fully aligned in their understanding of the Act—particularly in relation to critical issues such as misinformation and generative AI. Ofcom at times appeared...
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Committee recommendation
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#22 - Collaborate with platforms to identify and track disinformation actors and their online spreading techniques.
Foreign interference and disinformation campaigns, with use of technology such as bots and AI, put UK citizens at risk. The possibility that some of the divisive messages and deceptive content spread by users—and amplified by algorithms—last summer were part of such an influence operation is deeply concerning. In order to tackle amplified disinformation, identified by Principle 1, the...
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Committee recommendation
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#20 - Confirm that platform services are required to act on all risks identified in assessments.
To ensure true responsibility from platform companies, as per Principle 3, Ofcom and DSIT should confirm that services are required to act on all risks identified in risk assessments, regardless of whether they are included in Ofcom’s Codes of Practice. (Recommendation, Paragraph 49)
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Committee recommendation
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#17 - Online Safety Act measures are insufficient to address algorithmic misinformation spread effectively.
It is vital that platforms are held responsible for the algorithmic spread of misleading or deceptive content that can radicalise and harm users. The few measures in the Act that address misinformation fall short. The False Communications offence is vaguely worded and will be difficult to implement; the advisory committee on mis/disinformation has been renamed, suggesting a change...
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Committee recommendation
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#9 - Commission independent research into social media algorithms amplifying harmful content with full data access
There is a shortfall in data needed to accurately analyse the scale of the problem and identify policy solutions. In line with our Principle 4, the government should commission a large-scale research project into how far social media recommendation systems spread, amplify or prioritise harmful content. This should be undertaken by a group of credible independent researchers, bringing...
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PFD report
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Thomas Mayhew
Date of report: 23/4/26 Ref: 2026-0225 Deceased name: Thomas Mayhew Coroners name: Laura Bradford Coroners Area: East Sussex This report is being sent to: Department for Science, Innovation and Technology | National Police Chiefs’ Council REGULATION 28 REPORT TO PREVENT FUTURE DEATHS ` THIS REPORT IS BEING SENT TO: Department for Science, Innovation and […]
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terms: regulation
Committee recommendation
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#54 - Publish cross-government guidance on liability for harmful AI uses, establishing it via statute where appropriate.
Nobody who uses AI to inflict harm should be exempted from the consequences, whether they are a developer, deployer, or intermediary. The next Government together with sectoral regulators publish guidance on where liability for harmful uses of AI falls under existing law. This should be a cross-Government undertaking. Sectoral regulators should ensure that guidance on liability for AI-related...
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Committee recommendation
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#36 - DWP uses machine learning for fraud, but with limited transparency on fairness assessment.
DWP is implementing machine learning techniques to help it identify fraud in benefit expenditure. It has one machine learning model in operation, for new UC advance claims, alongside several others in development.69 The previous Public Accounts Committee raised concerns about the level of transparency in DWP’s use of these tools and the potential impact on claimants who are...
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Committee recommendation
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#7 - Share fairness impact assessment results for machine learning to reassure against unfair claimant treatment.
We remain concerned about the potential negative impact on protected groups and vulnerable customers of DWP’s use of machine learning to identify potential fraud. The previous Public Accounts Committee repeatedly raised concerns about the impact of data analytics and machine learning on legitimate benefit claims being delayed or reduced, the number of people affected, and whether this is...
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Committee recommendation
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#29 - Criminalise use of nudification apps as synthetic NCII and hold platforms accountable.
There is no legitimate reason whatsoever for the use or existence of nudification apps. The Government should ensure that the use of such an app is considered creation of synthetic NCII and therefore also a criminal offence and Ofcom should investigate the sites that offer this functionality. The Government should make sure that search engines and platforms that...
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Committee recommendation
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#27 - Mandate consent-based offence for deepfake creation, including cultural intimate image abuse.
The Government’s plans to criminalise the creation of sexually explicit deepfakes/NCII, even if they are not shared, are very welcome and worthy of praise. However, the Government must ensure that the offence is consent- based and does not require the determination of any motivation on the part of the perpetrator. Consistent with our recommendations for non-synthetic content, the...
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Committee recommendation
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#26 - Ofcom's proposals should require companies to accept non-consensual intimate image hash matching.
It is clear that some companies require further persuasion to accept NCII hashes. We welcome Ofcom’s plans to launch a consultation in spring 2025 on expansions to its Codes of Practice that would include proposals on the use of hash matching technology to prevent the sharing of NCII. We are clear in our view that those proposals should...
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Committee recommendation
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#9 - Direct user-to-user and search engine services to utilise a registry of non-consensual intimate image content.
In its illegal content Codes of Practice, Ofcom should direct user-to-user and search engine services to make use of a registry of NCII content, compiled by an expert body, on a similar basis to the provisions that exist for child sexual abuse material. (Recommendation, Paragraph 59)
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Committee recommendation
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#8 - Create guidance for internet providers and web browsers on tackling non-consensual intimate image abuse.
The Government should create guidance for internet infrastructure providers and web browser manufacturers on tackling online non-consensual intimate image abuse, similar to that which already exists for online child sexual exploitation and abuse. This guidance should direct both groups to make use of a designated expert body’s registry of NCII material. While there is no legal obligation to...
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Committee recommendation
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#7 - Amend the Crime and Policing Bill to make possession of non-consensual intimate images an offence.
The Government should bring forward an amendment to the Crime and Policing Bill to make possession of NCII an offence, in addition to its creation. This will put NCII on the same footing as CSAM in how it is treated online and—we hope—will provide the necessary encouragement to IIPs to block or disrupt access to such content, including...
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Committee recommendation
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#6 - Justification to legally align NCII with CSAM to prompt provider action
For internet infrastructure providers to take the threat of NCII seriously and block access to websites that refuse to take it down, we believe that there is justification in bringing NCII in line with CSAM in law. (Conclusion, Paragraph 56)
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Committee recommendation
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#58 - Legislate to prevent historical contract waivers from allowing AI use of recorded performances
The Government should legislate to prevent historical contract waivers from being interpreted to allow the use of recorded performances by AI tools. (Recommendation, Paragraph 207)
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Committee recommendation
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#57 - Current legislation fails to protect performers from nefarious generative AI use across creative industries
Although the film and HETV industry may be motivated to protect performers’ interests, with the history of collective bargaining agreements equipping it do so, that situation is not common across all the creative industries. The UK’s patchwork of copyright, intellectual property and data protection legislation is failing to protect performers from the nefarious use of generative AI technologies,...
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Committee recommendation
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#56 - Generative AI technologies threaten earnings and employment for film and HETV creatives
Our world-class creatives are the lifeblood of the UK’s film and HETV sectors. However, the rapid growth of generative AI technologies threatens their earnings and future employment opportunities. This is not just an issue for one part of the industry: it about real lives and livelihoods, and the impact will be felt by the most vulnerable. (Conclusion, Paragraph...
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Committee recommendation
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#55 - Require AI developers to license copyrighted works before training AI models
The Government should abandon its preference for a data mining exception for AI training with rights reservation model, and instead require AI developers to license any copyrighted works before using them to train their AI models. (Recommendation, Paragraph 194)
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Committee recommendation
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#53 - Develop and mandate ethical AI certification for generative AI use in film and HETV
The Government’s AI Sector Champion for the creative industries, once appointed, should work with the industry to develop an AI certification scheme for the ethical use of generative AI in film and HETV. In setting out guidelines for the responsible use of generative AI, the scheme should consider the interests of copyright holders, creatives and audiences. To ensure...
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Committee recommendation
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#52 - Fund BFI’s development of an AI observatory and tech demonstrator hub
At the Spending Review, the Government should fund the BFI’s development of an AI observatory and tech demonstrator hub to enable it to provide effective leadership around the industry’s use of AI. (Recommendation, Paragraph 186)
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Committee recommendation
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#5 - Bring Section 14 of the Equality Act 2010 into force by next parliamentary session.
The Government should fulfil its commitment to bring section 14 of the Equality Act 2010 into force and do so by the end of the next parliamentary session at the latest. (Recommendation, Paragraph 24)
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Committee recommendation
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#3 - Lead efforts to reach consensus on autonomous weapons and create an international instrument.
We recommend that the UK Government takes the lead in efforts to reach a consensus on the use of autonomous weapon systems and artificial intelligence on the battlefield and the creation of an international instrument on their use. (Recommendation, Paragraph 10) 48
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Committee recommendation
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#37 - Empower Ofcom to issue penalty notices to platforms for monetising harmful content on their services.
There are insufficient disincentives for bad practice in the digital advertising market. Bad actors can exploit the ecosystem, monetising harmful content through major platforms. Following Principle 3, Ofcom should be empowered to give penalty notices to platforms when they allow harmful content to be monetised through their services. These penalties should be based on a formula that considers:...
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Committee recommendation
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#35 - Mandate the Advertising Standards Authority to establish comprehensive digital advertising ecosystem guidelines for all actors.
To tackle the incentive behind amplified misinformation—namely, the monetisation of harmful content—there should be clear and enforceable standards for digital advertising market processes, as well as advertising content. Following our Principles 1, 3 and 5, government should ask the Advertising Standards Authority to establish comprehensive guidelines for 59 all actors within the digital advertising ecosystem and supply chain....
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Committee recommendation
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#34 - Establish new arms-length body or extend Ofcom's powers to regulate digital advertising supply chain.
Tackling online harm means addressing the principles that incentivise and monetise its spread. In line with Principle 3, responsibility, the government should create a new arms-length body—not funded by industry—to regulate and scrutinise the process of digital advertising, covering the complex and opaque automated supply chain that allows for the monetisation of harmful and misleading content. Or, at...
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#28 - Require generative AI providers to share internal data with independent online safety researchers.
Principle 5 is crucial for addressing potential harms from generative AI, as there is currently a serious shortfall in transparency and oversight of the platforms and systems that allow users to create AI-generated content. The government should require providers of generative AI services to provide information to those carrying out independent research into online safety. This should include...
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Committee recommendation
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#25 - Online Safety Act fails to protect users from synthetic disinformation and harmful experimental features.
The Online Safety Act does not protect users from the commodification of synthetic mis/disinformation, or provide effective transparency for the systems that produce them. It fails to address the issue of tech companies rolling out experimental features that can feed false or harmful information to their enormous audiences, further threatening information integrity online. This has damaging effects on...
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Committee recommendation
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#19 - Introduce duties for platforms to undertake risk assessments on harmful misinformation.
In line with Principle 5, transparency, the government should introduce duties for platforms to undertake risk assessments and reporting requirements on legal but harmful content, such as potentially harmful misinformation, with a focus on the role of recommendation algorithms in its spread. (Recommendation, Paragraph 48)
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Committee recommendation
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#16 - Online Safety Act scope insufficient for 'legal but harmful' content and misinformation.
The Online Safety Act will lead to some improvements, but is designed only to protect users from harm that is illegal or affects children. The decision not to include measures related to the algorithmic amplification of “legal but harmful” content, such as misinformation, means that full enforcement of the Act would have made little difference to the online...
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