recommendation The Government’s position is that clause 41 “clarifies” the law. However, the operational effect would appear to amount to retrospectively making it lawful to have detained persons liable to deportation. This does not comply with Article 5 ECHR, which requires a lawful basis for detention, and Article 13 ECHR, which guarantees an effective remedy. We recommend the repeal of this clause. (See Amendment 16, Annex) Retrospective validation of fees