The Fingerprint Inquiry

Completed

Fingerprint Inquiry

Chair Sir Anthony Campbell Judge / Judiciary
Established 12 Mar 2008
Final Report 14 Dec 2011
Commissioned by Scottish Government

The Fingerprint Inquiry examined the circumstances surrounding the fingerprint evidence in the Shirley McKie case, where a Scottish police officer was wrongly accused of leaving her fingerprint at a murder scene. The inquiry made recommendations on fingerprint evidence standards, expert testimony, and quality assurance in forensic science.

Evidence & Impact
The Fingerprint Inquiry, chaired by Sir Anthony Campbell, was established in June 2009 and reported in December 2011. The inquiry made nine recommendations concerning fingerprint identification services in Scotland. On 15 December 2011, the day after publication, Justice Secretary Kenny MacAskill announced that the Scottish Government accepted all nine recommendations. MacAskill expressed confidence that the recommendations would enhance fingerprint services, and indicated that the Scottish Police Services Authority would draw up an action plan to implement improvements before integration into the new Police Scotland in 2013.

Despite this initial acceptance, the available public record contains no evidence of progress on any of the nine recommendations. No progress updates have been recorded, no implementation reviews have been documented, and no legislation has been identified as resulting from the inquiry. The government's response noted that an action plan would be developed by the Scottish Police Services Authority, but no subsequent information about this plan or its execution appears in the available evidence.

The absence of documented progress is notable given that more than a decade has passed since the inquiry reported. While the Scottish Government's immediate acceptance of all recommendations suggested commitment to reform, the lack of any recorded follow-up activity means it is not possible to determine from the available evidence whether any of the inquiry's recommendations have been acted upon. This pattern of accepting recommendations without documented follow-through raises questions about the effectiveness of the inquiry process in achieving its intended reforms to Scotland's fingerprint identification services.
Reforms Attributed to This Inquiry
None identified in the available evidence
Unfinished Business
- All nine recommendations accepted by the Scottish Government lack published evidence of subsequent action
- No progress updates have been recorded for any of the inquiry's recommendations
- No implementation reviews have been documented
- No legislation resulting from the inquiry has been identified in the public record
AI-generated narrative. Generated 26 Mar 2026 using claude-opus-4. Assessment is indicative, not authoritative.
3 years, 9 months Duration
Government Response

Total Recommendations 9
Data last updated: 15 Dec 2011
Data verified: 26 May 2026 (import)
How to read this

Government Response tracks what the government said it would do (accepted, rejected, etc.).

Full methodology

Title Volume Publication Date Tracked recs Links
The Fingerprint Inquiry Report - 14 Dec 2011 9
18 Mar 2008
Inquiry Announced
01 Jun 2009
Inquiry Established
14 Dec 2011
Final Report Published

Recommendations (9)

FP1
Accepted
Fingerprint evidence as opinion
Recommendation

Fingerprint evidence should be recognised as opinion evidence, not fact, and those involved in the criminal justice system need to assess it as such on its merits.

Published evidence summary
Government response: Accepted. No public evidence of delivery has been found.
Scottish Government (Primary)
View Details
FP3
Accepted
Discontinue certainty claims
Recommendation

Examiners should discontinue reporting conclusions on identification or exclusion with a claim to 100% certainty or on any other basis suggesting that fingerprint evidence is infallible.

Published evidence summary
Government response: Accepted. No public evidence of delivery has been found.
SPA Forensic Services (Primary)
View Details
FP5
Accepted
Basis of conclusions
Recommendation

Experts should list all variables considered and state whether the conclusion has been reached through training and personal experience or on any other basis such as statistical analysis.

Published evidence summary
Government response: Accepted. No public evidence of delivery has been found.
SPA Forensic Services (Primary)
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FP9
Accepted
Features demonstrable to lay persons
Recommendation

Features on which examiners rely should be demonstrable to a lay person with normal eye sight as observable in the mark.

Published evidence summary
Government response: Accepted. No public evidence of delivery has been found.
SPA Forensic Services (Primary)
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FP16-18
Accepted
Academic study requirement
Recommendation

Expert opinion should be informed by proper academic study of the subject.

Published evidence summary
Government response: Accepted. No public evidence of delivery has been found.
SPA Forensic Services (Primary)
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FP53
Accepted
Note-taking general practice
Recommendation

Note-taking as to the detail found on analysis and the process of comparison, though not mandatory, should become the general practice for all fingerprint comparison work.

Published evidence summary
Government response: Accepted. No public evidence of delivery has been found.
SPA Forensic Services (Primary)
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FP60
Accepted
Disclosure of opinion basis - recording
Recommendation

Experts should record and properly disclose all of the basis of their opinion to enable a court to understand it and the defence to assess it.

Published evidence summary
Government response: Accepted. No public evidence of delivery has been found.
SPA Forensic Services (Primary)
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FP66
Accepted
Unable to exclude findings
Recommendation

Before a finding of 'unable to exclude' is led in evidence, careful consideration will require to be given to (a) the types of mark for which such a finding is meaningful and (b) the proper interpretation of the finding.

Published evidence summary
Government response: Accepted. No public evidence of delivery has been found.
COPFS (Primary)
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FP-COMPLEX
Accepted
Complex marks examination
Recommendation
Processes should be developed to ensure that complex marks such as those in question are treated differently, by examination by three suitably qualified examiners who reach their conclusion independently, make notes at each stage, and record reasons for their conclusions. Read more
Published evidence summary
Government response: Accepted. No public evidence of delivery has been found.
SPA Forensic Services (Primary)
View Details