Popplewell Inquiry

Completed
Chair Mr Justice Popplewell Judge / Judiciary
Established 13 May 1985
Final Report 16 Jan 1986
Commissioned by Home Office

Inquiry into crowd safety and control at sports grounds following the Bradford City stadium fire of 11 May 1985 which killed 56 people.

Historical inquiry (pre-Inquiries Act 2005). Listed for reference — recommendation progress is not actively tracked.
Legacy & Impact
The Popplewell Inquiry was established on 13 May 1985, two days after the Bradford City stadium fire that killed 56 people. Mr Justice Popplewell was also tasked with examining crowd control following disorder at Birmingham City's ground on the same day. His interim report in July 1985 and final report in January 1986 made 47 recommendations addressing fire safety and crowd control at sports grounds.

The inquiry's recommendations led directly to the Fire Safety and Safety of Places of Sport Act 1987, which extended safety certification beyond the 92 designated football league grounds to cover all sports venues with covered accommodation for 500 or more spectators. The Act prohibited new combustible stands and banned smoking in existing wooden structures. The Public Order Act 1986 created the specific offence of throwing missiles at sports grounds, addressing another Popplewell recommendation.

The inquiry recommended closed-circuit television installation at football grounds, which became standard practice. It also proposed membership schemes to exclude visiting supporters, though this approach was later rejected following the Taylor Report after the Hillsborough disaster in 1989.

Popplewell's work represents a significant step in the evolution of sports ground safety regulation in the UK. While many of its specific provisions were superseded by Taylor's more comprehensive reforms - particularly the requirement for all-seater stadiums - the 1987 Act's extension of safety oversight to smaller venues remains part of the regulatory framework. The inquiry's focus on both structural safety and crowd behaviour established a dual approach that continues to characterise sports ground regulation.
Lasting Reforms
• The Fire Safety and Safety of Places of Sport Act 1987 extended safety certification requirements beyond designated football grounds to include sports grounds with covered accommodation for 500 or more spectators
• The Act prohibited construction of new combustible stands at sports grounds
• Smoking bans were introduced in existing wooden stands at sports grounds
• Requirements for closed-circuit television systems at football grounds were established
• Local authorities gained enhanced enforcement powers for sports ground safety
• The offence of throwing missiles at sports grounds was created through the Public Order Act 1986
Reforms Reversed or Weakened
• The recommendation for membership schemes to exclude visiting fans was later abandoned following the Taylor Report (1989)
• Many of Popplewell's recommendations regarding crowd control and stadium design were superseded by the more comprehensive requirements of the Taylor Report
Generated 18 Mar 2026 using claude-opus-4. Assessment is indicative, not authoritative.
Key Legislation
Fire Safety and Safety of Places of Sport Act 1987 PRIMARY
Extended safety certification to a wider range of venues, banned new wooden grandstands, prohibited smoking in wooden stands, and required CCTV for crowd monitoring.
Influence & Connections
Led directly to Taylor Inquiry
Popplewell's reforms after the Bradford fire were overtaken by the more comprehensive Taylor Report after Hillsborough four years later. Popplewell was an important intermediate step in the evolution of stadium safety regulation.
8 months Duration
This is a historical inquiry. Per-recommendation tracking is not available. See the Legacy & Impact section above.

Total Recommendations 39
Data verified: 27 Feb 2026 (Claude)
Title Volume Publication Date Recs Links
Popplewell Inquiry — Final Report - 16 Jan 1986 39

Recommendations (39)

POPP-A.1
Integrate evacuation procedures into police training and pre-match briefings.
Recommendation

Evacuation procedures should be a matter of police training and form part of the briefing by police officers before a football match.

POPP-A.2
Include police officers in local authority teams issuing sports ground safety certificates.
Recommendation

The local authority team responsible for issuing safety certificates in respect of designated grounds should, as heretofore, include police officers.

POPP-A.3
Home Office to develop more suitable personal radios for police
Recommendation

Early attention should be given by the Home Office Directorate of Telecommunications to consider the practicality of producing a more suitable personal radio for the police.

POPP-A.4
Amend Green Guide to prohibit parked vehicles within quarter mile of sports grounds
Recommendation

The Green Guide should be amended to include in Paragraph 11 a provision that, wherever practicable, roads within a quarter of a mile of a sports ground should be kept entirely free of parked vehicles.

POPP-A.5
Criminalise possession of smoke bombs at sports grounds in England and Wales
Recommendation

Consideration should be given to making it a criminal offence in England and Wales to have a smoke bomb or similar device at sports grounds.

POPP-A.6
Require suitable firefighting equipment in sports grounds without safety certificates
Recommendation

Those managing sports grounds not governed by safety certificates should give serious consideration, with the assistance of fire authorities, to the presence in a ground of suitable fire fighting equipment.

POPP-A.7
Require fire fighting training for all sports ground stewards
Recommendation

Stewards at all sports grounds should be trained in fire fighting.

POPP-A.8
Mandate adequate first-aid rooms as a term of safety certificates
Recommendation

In designated grounds it should be a term of the safety certificate that an adequate first-aid room should be provided.

POPP-A.9
Improve coordination and communication of inspections by HSE and authorities
Recommendation

There should be urgent consultation between the Health & Safety Executive and the fire authorities and local authorities as to how best to co-ordinate and communicate their inspections and reports.

POPP-A.10
Train stewards in fire safety, firefighting, and assisting police with evacuation.
Recommendation

Stewards in all grounds should not only be trained in fire precautions and fire fighting (see Recommendation 7 above) but should also be trained in how best to help the police in evacuation.

POPP-A.11
Amend Green Guide to require manned, openable exit gates during public use.
Recommendation

Paragraphs 6.14.6 of the Green Guide should be amended to read: “All exit gates should be manned at all times while the ground is used by the public and be capable of being opened immediately from inside by anyone in an emergency”

POPP-A.12
Amend Green Guide for comprehensive steward training and instruction on emergencies.
Recommendation
The Green Guide should be amended to contain a specific provision, in relation to stewards, (i) that they should be trained and instructed to deal with any emergency relating to fire or evacuation (see also Recommendations 7 and 10); (ii) … Read more
POPP-A.13
Prohibit construction of new permanent stands using combustible materials.
Recommendation

Building of new permanent stands of combustible materials should be prohibited as a general rule.

POPP-A.14
Ensure all sports grounds provide suitable and adequate emergency exits.
Recommendation

Suitable and adequate exits should be provided in all sports grounds.

POPP-A.15
Prohibit smoking in combustible stands, enforce with entry conditions and signs.
Recommendation

No smoking should take place in combustible stands, that this should be a condition of entry to the ground and that signs to this effect should be prominently displayed.

POPP-A.16
Fire authorities must inspect stadia and restrict stands with inadequate fire precautions.
Recommendation

Fire authorities should identify and visit all sports stadia in their areas and should prohibit or restrict the use of any stands which, in their view, constitute a risk to spectators because of the inadequacy of the fire precautions.

POPP-A.17
Establish a local registration system for comprehensive record of sports grounds.
Recommendation

In order to ensure a complete record of sports grounds a local registration system should be set up.

POPP-A.18
Develop best practice for managing safety of temporary stands and marquees.
Recommendation

Consideration should be given as how best to deal with temporary stands and marquees.

POPP-A.19
Clarify Green Guide applicability to all sports grounds in next edition.
Recommendation

The next edition of the Green Guide should make it clear that it applies to all sports grounds.

POPP-A.20
Introduce membership system in England and Wales to exclude visiting fans.
Recommendation

Urgent consideration should be given to introducing a membership system in England and Wales so as to exclude visiting fans.

POPP-A.21
Install closed circuit television at all League and Premier Division football grounds.
Recommendation

Closed circuit television should be introduced at League football grounds in England and Wales and in the Premier Division in Scotland.

POPP-A.22
Create specific offence for throwing missiles at sports grounds in England/Wales.
Recommendation

There should be a specific offence in England and Wales of throwing a missile at sports grounds.

POPP-A.23
Football clubs must review entry arrangements and turnstile organisation.
Recommendation

Football clubs should review their arrangements for entry and the organisation of their turnstiles.

POPP-A.24
Design standard efficient perimeter fences including proper exits
Recommendation

Consideration should be given to the design of a standard, efficient perimeter fence, with proper exits.

POPP-C.1
Abolish the distinction between sports grounds and sports stadia
Recommendation

The distinction made between sports grounds and sport stadia should be abolished.

POPP-C.2
Designate more sports grounds over 10,000 capacity under 1975 Act
Recommendation
Further designation under the Safety of Sports Grounds Act 1975 of sports grounds and sports stadia with accommodation for over 10,000 spectators where Association Football, Rugby League, Rugby Union and cricket is played in England, Wales and Scotland. Read more
POPP-C.3
Require fire certificates for sports grounds with stand capacity over 500
Recommendation
All sports grounds and sports stadia not already designated under the Safety of Sports Grounds Act 1975 and having a capacity in a stand of over 500 spectators should be designated under the Fire Precautions Act 1971 as premises requiring … Read more
POPP-C.4
Assign single authority for structural safety at undesignated sports grounds
Recommendation

One authority should be given the responsibility for securing structural safety at sports grounds and stadia not designated under the 1975 Act.

POPP-C.5
Mandate fire certificates for indoor sports facilities over 500 capacity
Recommendation

In England and Wales indoor sports facilities with accommodation for over 500 spectators should require a fire certificate under the Fire Precautions Act 1971.

POPP-C.6
Review and designate Scottish indoor sports facilities under 1971 Fire Act
Recommendation

An urgent review of the existing legislation on indoor sports facilities in Scotland should be undertaken and if they are not currently covered by fire regulations such facilities should be designated under the Fire Precautions Act 1971.

POPP-C.7
Grant fire authority officers power to issue fire safety prohibition notices
Recommendation

Provision should be made in the Fire Precautions Act 1971 for authorised officers of a fire authority to have power to issue a prohibition notice.

POPP-C.8
Grant local authority officers power to issue sports ground prohibition notices
Recommendation

Provision should be made for authorised officers of the local authority to have power to issue a prohibition notice under the Safety of Sports Grounds Act 1975.

POPP-C.9
Mandate annual renewal, inspection, and revocation of sports ground safety certificates
Recommendation
There should be (1) annual renewal of safety certificates issued under the Safety of Sports Grounds Act 1975; (2) a duty on the local authority annually to inspect the premises prior to re-issuing the certificate and (3) power for the … Read more
POPP-C.10
Urgently amend Building Regulations for structural fire precautions in new stands
Recommendation

The Department of the Environment should urgently amend the Building Regulations Guidance Codes in relation to structural fire precautions in new stands.

POPP-C.11
Confer statutory right for police to search persons entering football grounds
Recommendation

In England and Wales the unfettered right of the police to search those who are either entering or trying to enter a football ground should be conferred by statute.

POPP-C.12
Introduce offence of disorderly conduct at sports grounds in England and Wales
Recommendation

In England and Wales consideration should be given to creating an offence of disorderly conduct at a sports ground.

POPP-C.13
Widen arrest powers under Section 5 of the Public Order Act 1936
Recommendation

The power to arrest under Section 5 of the Public Order Act 1936 should be widened.

POPP-C.14
Review Sporting Events Act 1985 alcohol provisions concerning executive boxes
Recommendation

The provisions of Section 3(3) of the Sporting Events (Control of Alcohol etc) Act 1985 should be reviewed in relation to executive boxes.

POPP-C.15
Continue considering membership schemes for Football League clubs in England and Wales
Recommendation

Consideration should continue to be given to some form of membership scheme for Football League clubs in England and Wales.