Infected Blood Inquiry

Completed
Chair Sir Brian Langstaff Judge / Judiciary
Established 24 Sep 2018
Final Report 20 May 2024
Commissioned by Cabinet Office Commissioned by the Prime Minister

Examining how thousands of NHS patients were infected with HIV and Hepatitis C through contaminated blood products in the 1970s and 1980s. Found the scandal could largely have been avoided and victims were failed by the NHS, government, and blood services.

5 years, 8 months Duration
£146.2m Total Cost
2,007 Core Participants
Government Response

Total Recommendations 103
Data last updated: 21 Jul 2025 · Source
Data verified: 16 Mar 2026 (import)
How to read this

Government Response tracks what the government said it would do (accepted, rejected, etc.).

Full methodology

52 debates 266 questions 20 statements since Sep 2017
Written Question Haemophilia: Research
Jamie Stone (Liberal Democrat)
24 Feb 2026
Written Question Infected Blood Inquiry: Medical Records
Jamie Stone (Liberal Democrat)
24 Feb 2026
Written Question Infected Blood Compensation Scheme
Andrew George (Liberal Democrat)
20 Feb 2026
Written Question Infected Blood Compensation Scheme
Max Wilkinson (Liberal Democrat)
06 Feb 2026
Written Question Infected Blood Compensation Scheme
Andrew George (Liberal Democrat)
05 Feb 2026
View all 341 mentions →
Title Volume Publication Date Recs Links
Additional Report on Compensation Additional 09 Jul 2025 26
Infected Blood Inquiry Final Report Final 20 May 2024 58
First Interim Report Interim 1 29 Jul 2022 1
Second Interim Report Interim 2 05 Apr 2023 18
11 Jul 2017
Inquiry Announced

Prime Minister Theresa May announced a public inquiry.

Source
11 Jul 2017
Chair Appointed

Sir Brian Langstaff appointed as Chair.

25 Jul 2018
Terms of Reference Set

Terms of Reference published.

Source
30 Apr 2019
Hearings Begin

Public hearings commenced.

19 Jul 2022
First Interim Report

Interim report on compensation framework.

Source
05 Apr 2023
Second Interim Report

Second interim report with further compensation recommendations.

20 May 2024
Final Report Published

Final report published finding decades of cover-up.

Source
21 May 2024
Government Apology

Prime Minister issued full apology in Parliament.

Source
23 Aug 2024
Compensation Scheme Opens

Infected Blood Compensation Scheme formally established.

01 Dec 2024
First Payments Made

First compensation payments made to eligible infected persons.

Total Inquiry Cost (Cumulative) £146,162,778
Cost Breakdown (to Mar 2025)
Inquiry Legal Costs £67,290,993 Panel remuneration & Counsel to the Inquiry
Core Participant Legal Costs £27,242,761 Legal funding for core participants
Staff £12,394,166
Accommodation £7,767,036
Technology £8,536,884
Safeguarding £1,496,720
Other £21,434,218
Cumulative total over 7 years. Investigation team (41.5% of total) includes paralegals, investigators and lawyers working on the Inquiry. Participant support includes travel and psychological support for core participants.
Cost History
Period Total Inquiry Legal CP Legal Source
Mar 2025 (cum.) £146,162,778 £67,290,993 £27,242,761
Mar 2025 £5,511,059 £1,514,906 £603,277
Mar 2024 £10,301,344 £5,354,237 £937,131
Mar 2023 £28,254,992 £11,694,492 £7,154,110
Mar 2022 £32,522,939 £15,491,533 £5,778,813
Mar 2021 £34,270,948 £20,797,365 £4,505,612
Mar 2020 £25,992,907 £9,959,119 £5,742,876
Mar 2019 £9,308,693 £2,479,341 £2,520,943

Recommendations (26)

AC-1a
Accepted
Open Registration
Recommendation

The scheme be opened to registration to everyone who may be eligible.

Published evidence summary
According to the IBCA Community Update (15 Jan 2026), the Infected Blood Compensation Authority (IBCA) has opened registration for infected persons, affected persons, and estates of deceased infected persons via its website. According to UK Parliament (31 Dec 2025), the Victims and Prisoners Act 2024 established IBCA, and three sets of scheme regulations came into force in August 2024, March 2025, and December 2025, covering infected persons, affected persons, and supplementary routes. As of January 2026, the IBCA Community Update (15 Jan 2026) stated that 3,721 people had asked to start claims, with £1.89 billion paid to 2,861 individuals.
IBCA (Primary)
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AC-1b
Accepted
Registration and Application Forms
Recommendation
There be forms (devised by IBCA) for people to register and apply for a core award and the supplementary awards with/without the necessary evidence and with/without calculation of compensation, and as an intermediate step that IBCA provide the option to … Read more
Published evidence summary
According to Gov.uk progress (21 July 2025), registration forms for the Infected Blood Compensation Scheme are available on the IBCA website, with the initial registration process taking 5-15 minutes and not requiring medical records. The IBCA Community Update (15 Jan 2026) indicates the scheme is operational, with 3,721 people having asked to start claims and 3,546 having begun the process by January 2026. According to UK Parliament (31 Dec 2025), three sets of compensation regulations are in force, covering various routes for claims.
IBCA (Primary)
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AC-1c
Accepted
Legal Support Signposting
Recommendation
IBCA include a prominent reference to the availability of legal support paid by IBCA on all registration and application forms and in public information about the compensation scheme and that the Solicitors Regulation Authority remind solicitors of their obligations. Read more
Published evidence summary
According to Gov.uk progress (21 July 2025), the Infected Blood Compensation Authority (IBCA) provides access to independent legal advice as part of its claims process, with legal support referenced on the IBCA website. The IBCA Community Update (15 Jan 2026) indicates the compensation scheme is actively processing claims, with 3,546 claims begun by January 2026. No specific public evidence has been identified regarding the Solicitors Regulation Authority reminding solicitors of their obligations.
IBCA (Primary)
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AC-1d
Accepted
Three-Cohort Prioritisation
Recommendation
When IBCA opens up the service beyond people infected and registered with the support schemes, IBCA: (i) update the sequencing to three cohorts, people infected and never compensated, the deceased infected, and people affected and (ii) adopt a scheme of … Read more
Published evidence summary
According to the IBCA Community Update (15 Jan 2026) and UK Parliament (31 Dec 2025), the Infected Blood Compensation Authority (IBCA) has broadened its service beyond initial registrants, with three sets of compensation regulations now in force (August 2024, March 2025, and December 2025) that cover infected persons, affected persons, and supplementary routes. This legislative framework enables claims from the recommended cohorts, including infected persons never compensated, deceased infected, and affected persons. By January 2026, the IBCA Community Update (15 Jan 2026) indicated that 3,546 claims had begun processing.
IBCA (Primary)
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AC-1e
Accepted
Oral Representations at Review
Recommendation

IBCA consider making provision, either generally or in specific cases, for oral representations to be made where a decision is reviewed internally, and for the individual concerned and/or their lawyer to attend the review panel.

Published evidence summary
According to the Gov.uk response (21 July 2025), the government accepted this recommendation, stating further details would be set out by the Infected Blood Compensation Authority (IBCA). However, no specific public information has been identified regarding whether IBCA has made provision for oral representations at the internal review stage of compensation decisions (Gov.uk progress, 21 July 2025). While the IBCA Community Update (15 Jan 2026) indicates the IBCA scheme is operational and processing claims, this specific procedural detail is not publicly documented.
IBCA (Primary)
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AC-1f
Accepted
Written Reasons for Decisions
Recommendation

Written reasons for the original decision must be provided so that the review process can operate fairly.

Published evidence summary
According to the Gov.uk response (21 July 2025), the government accepted this recommendation, stating further details would be set out by the Infected Blood Compensation Authority (IBCA). However, no specific public information has been identified regarding IBCA's policy for providing written reasons for compensation decisions (Gov.uk progress, 21 July 2025). While the IBCA Community Update (15 Jan 2026) indicates the IBCA scheme is operational and processing claims, this specific procedural detail is not publicly documented.
IBCA (Primary)
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AC-2a
Accepted
Publish Guidance and Board Minutes
Recommendation
IBCA should publish: guidance, advice or instructions to claim managers; work undertaken by IBCA with the Cabinet Office's policy team to ensure that IBCA understands "in depth the policy intent behind each regulation"; the papers that have been produced by … Read more
Published evidence summary
According to Gov.uk progress (21 July 2025), the Infected Blood Compensation Authority (IBCA) publishes its board meeting minutes on its website. However, public confirmation of the publication of claim manager guidance, policy papers (such as the 'dating principles paper' or 'paper on HIV infection dating'), or working papers with the Cabinet Office has not been identified (Gov.uk progress, 21 July 2025). The IBCA Community Update (15 Jan 2026) indicates the IBCA scheme is operational and processing claims, with three sets of compensation regulations in force.
IBCA (Primary)
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AC-2b
Accepted
Share Clinical Assessor Advice
Recommendation
In respect of any case in which the advice of a clinical assessor has been given, in relation to the person concerned (and no more widely except with the consent of that person): that person should be told the factual … Read more
Published evidence summary
According to the Gov.uk response (21 July 2025), the government accepted this recommendation, stating further details would be set out by the Infected Blood Compensation Authority (IBCA). However, no specific public information has been identified regarding IBCA's policy for sharing clinical assessor advice, including the factual basis and reasons for that advice, with claimants (Gov.uk progress, 21 July 2025). While the IBCA Community Update (15 Jan 2026) indicates the IBCA scheme is operational and processing claims, this specific procedural detail is not publicly documented.
IBCA (Primary)
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AC-2c
Accepted
Community Advisory Body
Recommendation
A formal role be given within IBCA for an advisory body consisting of people infected and affected, covering a range of experience broadly representative of those groups, and (if those groups so wish) including clinicians covering the major relevant disciplines … Read more
Published evidence summary
According to Gov.uk progress (21 July 2025), the Infected Blood Compensation Authority (IBCA) has established a 13-member Community Advisory Panel, chaired by Tim Green, which comprises individuals with direct or professional experience of the infected blood scandal. This panel advises the IBCA Board on community concerns, policy proposals, and the delivery of the compensation scheme. The IBCA Community Update (15 Jan 2026) indicates the IBCA scheme is operational and processing claims, with three sets of compensation regulations in force.
IBCA (Primary)
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AC-2d
Accepted
Structured Response to Community Input
Recommendation
To build confidence that IBCA is actively listening to people infected and affected, IBCA adopt more of a structured response to contributions from people infected and affected. Consideration should be given, as a minimum, to making a contemporaneous record of … Read more
Published evidence summary
According to the Gov.uk response (21 July 2025), the government accepted this recommendation, stating further details would be set out by the Infected Blood Compensation Authority (IBCA). According to the Gov.uk progress (21 July 2025), no specific public information has been identified regarding whether IBCA has adopted structured processes for responding to contributions from people infected and affected, such as making contemporaneous records or setting out formal responses. According to the IBCA Community Update (15 Jan 2026), while the IBCA scheme is operational and processing claims, this specific procedural detail is not publicly documented.
IBCA (Primary)
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IBI-A-2e
Accepted
Transparency of Scheme Design
Recommendation
The Government and IBCA establish a mechanism by which individuals or organisations may raise concerns which arise about any aspect of the scheme which from time to time is troubling them. The mechanism is intended to help continuous improvement of, … Read more
Published evidence summary
According to the government's formal response, the UK Government accepted this recommendation in July 2025, stating that the Cabinet Office and IBCA were working on proposals to establish a mechanism for individuals and organisations to raise concerns about the compensation scheme. As of March 2026, according to the IBCA, it had begun publishing community feedback quarterly on its website, and its CEO appeared before the Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Committee on 3 March 2026 to discuss scheme implementation (Gov.uk, Infected Blood Inquiry Additional Report: Government Response, 21 July 2025; Gov.uk progress update, 21 July 2025).
UK Government (Primary)
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IBI-A-3a
Accepted
HIV Eligibility Start Date
Recommendation

An amendment to the Regulations be made as soon as possible to remove the reference to 1 January 1982 from Regulation 3.

Published evidence summary
According to Gov.uk, Infected Blood Inquiry Additional Report: Government Response, 21 July 2025, the UK Government committed in July 2025 to amend the compensation scheme regulations to remove the 1 January 1982 start date for HIV eligibility, ensuring all individuals infected with HIV due to infected blood or blood products are eligible for compensation regardless of the year of infection. According to the IBCA Community Update of 15 January 2026 and the IBCA Independent Review of 28 October 2025, the third set of compensation regulations came into force on 31 December 2025, which would be the mechanism for such an amendment.
UK Government (Primary)
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IBI-A-4a
Accepted in Part
Interferon Treatment Impacts
Recommendation

People infected with Hepatitis B or C who have received a course of treatment with or based on interferon should be recognised as entitled to core awards at Level 3.

Published evidence summary
According to the official government response of 2025-07-21, the UK Government accepted in principle the recommendation to recognise the impact of interferon treatment on Hepatitis B or C patients, suggesting either moving them to a Level 3 award or introducing a new severity band. The Infected Blood Compensation Authority (IBCA) was established by the Victims and Prisoners Act 2024, and by December 2025, according to the IBCA Community Update of 2026-01-15 and UK Parliament of 2025-12-31, three sets of compensation regulations were in force, enabling the payment of awards. As of January 2026, according to the IBCA Community Update of 2026-01-15, the IBCA had made offers totalling £2.47 billion, with £1.89 billion paid to 2,861 people.
UK Government (Primary)
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IBI-A-4b
Accepted in Part
Special Category Mechanism
Recommendation
The Government reconsider whether to maintain its rejection in February 2025 of the recommendations of Sir Robert Francis KC and advice from the Infected Blood Inquiry Response Expert Group of August 2024, which was expressly accepted at the time by … Read more
Published evidence summary
According to the official government response of 2025-07-21, the UK Government accepted in principle to re-examine how the compensation scheme reflects the Special Category Mechanism (SCM), which addresses significant impact on daily duties due to infection or treatment. The Infected Blood Compensation Authority (IBCA) was established by the Victims and Prisoners Act 2024, and according to the IBCA Community Update of 2026-01-15 and UK Parliament of 2025-12-31, three sets of compensation regulations were in force by December 2025, providing the legal framework for the scheme. First payments from the scheme were made in December 2024, and by January 2026, according to UK Parliament of 2025-12-31, £1.89 billion had been paid to 2,861 people.
UK Government (Primary)
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IBI-A-4c
Accepted
Effective Treatment - Earnings Floor
Recommendation
For the calculation of Financial Loss awards for Hepatitis B, people born after 1953 should be treated like those born in or before 1953 on provision of evidence that their health did not improve or that it remained difficult to … Read more
Published evidence summary
According to the official government response of 2025-07-21, the UK Government accepted the recommendation to provide a route for individuals with Hepatitis B or C to demonstrate they were unable to return to employment, even after effective treatments, for the calculation of Financial Loss awards. The Infected Blood Compensation Authority (IBCA) was established by the Victims and Prisoners Act 2024, and by December 2025, according to the IBCA Community Update of 2026-01-15 and IBCA Independent Review of 2025-10-28, three sets of compensation regulations were in force, which govern the criteria for such awards. As of January 2026, according to the IBCA Community Update of 2026-01-15, the IBCA had paid £1.89 billion in compensation.
UK Government (Primary)
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IBI-A-4d
Accepted
Deeming of Severity Bands
Recommendation
Where the level of severity of a person's infection at Level 3 or more has been established to IBCA's satisfaction in relation to a given year, but it is not known when it reached Level 3 or more, the legislative … Read more
Published evidence summary
According to the official government response of 2025-07-21, the UK Government accepted the recommendation to amend regulations for deeming severity bands, specifically stating that individuals diagnosed with Level 4 Hepatitis, but lacking evidence of earlier progression, will be deemed to have spent up to six prior years at Level 3. The Infected Blood Compensation Authority (IBCA) was established by the Victims and Prisoners Act 2024, and by December 2025, according to the IBCA Community Update of 2026-01-15 and IBCA Independent Review of 2025-10-28, three sets of compensation regulations were in force, which provide the framework for such provisions. As of January 2026, according to the IBCA Community Update of 2026-01-15, the IBCA had paid £1.89 billion in compensation.
UK Government (Primary)
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IBI-A-4e
Accepted
Evidence of Diagnosis Date
Recommendation
Regulation 14(2)(c) be amended to remove the requirement for evidence of the date of diagnosis of Hepatitis B or C. An appropriate redraft to achieve this would be: "where the diagnosis mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) is one of HIV, the … Read more
Published evidence summary
According to the official government response of 2025-07-21, the UK Government accepted the recommendation to remove the requirement for individuals with Hepatitis B or C to provide evidence of their diagnosis date, aiming to expedite claim processing. The Infected Blood Compensation Authority (IBCA) was established by the Victims and Prisoners Act 2024, and by December 2025, according to the IBCA Community Update of 2026-01-15 and IBCA Independent Review of 2025-10-28, three sets of compensation regulations were in force, which would incorporate such amendments. As of January 2026, according to the IBCA Community Update of 2026-01-15, the IBCA had paid £1.89 billion in compensation.
UK Government (Primary)
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IBI-A-5a
Accepted in Part
Severe Psychological Harm
Recommendation
The approach of the Infected Blood Psychology Service is adopted so that both a diagnosis made by a psychiatric professional and a formulation-based opinion of all qualified psychological and counselling professionals are accepted as sufficient evidence of severe psychological harm … Read more
Published evidence summary
According to the official government response of 2025-07-21, the UK Government accepted in principle the need to consult with the community and an expanded Expert Group on the severity level and evidential requirements for severe psychological harm awards under the severe health condition award. The Infected Blood Compensation Authority (IBCA) was established by the Victims and Prisoners Act 2024, and by December 2025, according to the IBCA Community Update of 2026-01-15 and IBCA Independent Review of 2025-10-28, three sets of compensation regulations were in force, which would define the criteria for such awards. As of January 2026, according to the IBCA Community Update of 2026-01-15, the IBCA had paid £1.89 billion in compensation.
UK Government (Primary)
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IBI-A-6a
Accepted in Part
Financial Loss and Care
Recommendation

"x" be removed from the equation set out in Regulation 7.

Published evidence summary
According to the official government response of 2025-07-21, the UK Government accepted in principle the concerns regarding the calculation of past care and financial loss awards, and the 25% discount for living claimants, noting that the Inquiry's recommended change to Regulation 7 would primarily affect past care. The Infected Blood Compensation Authority (IBCA) was established by the Victims and Prisoners Act 2024, and by December 2025, according to the IBCA Community Update of 2026-01-15 and IBCA Independent Review of 2025-10-28, three sets of compensation regulations were in force, which define the formulas for such awards. As of January 2026, according to the IBCA Community Update of 2026-01-15, the IBCA had paid £1.89 billion in compensation.
UK Government (Primary)
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IBI-A-6b
Accepted in Part
Exceptional Loss Evidence
Recommendation
The Cabinet Office consult on whether the evidential requirements for exceptional reduced earnings are likely to prove a barrier to people who have sufficient evidence that their eligibility for such an award could with confidence be established on a balance … Read more
Published evidence summary
According to the official government response of 2025-07-21, the UK Government accepted in principle and committed to consult the community on the evidential requirements for the exceptional loss award, aiming to ensure its accessibility within the framework of the tariff-based scheme. The Infected Blood Compensation Authority (IBCA) was established by the Victims and Prisoners Act 2024, and by December 2025, according to the IBCA Community Update of 2026-01-15 and IBCA Independent Review of 2025-10-28, three sets of compensation regulations were in force, which define the criteria for such awards. As of January 2026, according to the IBCA Community Update of 2026-01-15, the IBCA had paid £1.89 billion in compensation.
UK Government (Primary)
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IBI-A-7a
Accepted in Part
Unethical Research Award
Recommendation

Where there is evidence that an individual was the victim of unethical research practices IBCA should be authorised to make an unethical research practices award to that individual.

Published evidence summary
According to the official government response of 2025-07-21, the UK Government accepted in principle the recommendation to provide an award for victims of unethical research practices, committing to consult on a method that requires minimal evidence, minimises delays, and ensures consistency. The Infected Blood Compensation Authority (IBCA) was established by the Victims and Prisoners Act 2024, and by December 2025, according to the IBCA Community Update of 2026-01-15 and IBCA Independent Review of 2025-10-28, three sets of compensation regulations were in force, which would authorise and define such an award. As of January 2026, according to the IBCA Community Update of 2026-01-15, the IBCA had paid £1.89 billion in compensation.
UK Government (Primary)
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IBI-A-7b
Accepted in Part
Wider Definition of Unethical Research
Recommendation

When considering the evidence IBCA applies the wider definition of research explained in the Infected Blood Inquiry Additional Report chapter on Unethical Research.

Published evidence summary
According to the official government response of 2025-07-21, the UK Government accepted in principle the recommendation to consult on providing an award for victims of unethical research, applying the wider definition of research as explained in the Infected Blood Inquiry Additional Report. The Infected Blood Compensation Authority (IBCA) was established by the Victims and Prisoners Act 2024, and by December 2025, according to the IBCA Community Update of 2026-01-15, three sets of compensation regulations were in force, which would incorporate such definitions. As of January 2026, according to the IBCA Community Update of 2026-01-15, the IBCA had paid £1.89 billion in compensation.
UK Government (Primary)
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IBI-A-7c
Under Consideration
Unethical Research Award Amount Review
Recommendation
The Minister consider whether the £10,000 (£15,000 for Treloar's pupils) should in justice be increased and further decides what sum he considers accords most closely with the general public's sense of justice and fairness in respect of an individual being … Read more
Published evidence summary
AI analysis did not return a result for this recommendation.
UK Government (Primary)
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IBI-A-8a
Accepted in Part
Supplementary Route for Affected Persons
Recommendation
The Minister give consideration to there being a supplementary route for people affected. This could include opening the supplemental award for severe psychological harm to people affected. He should involve parents, children, siblings, partners and carers, and their legal representatives … Read more
Published evidence summary
AI analysis did not return a result for this recommendation.
UK Government (Primary)
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IBI-A-8b
Accepted
Affected Estates
Recommendation

The Regulations be amended such that where someone who would be an eligible affected person dies between 21 May 2024 and 31 December 2029, their claim does not die with them but becomes part of their estate.

Published evidence summary
AI analysis did not return a result for this recommendation.
UK Government (Primary)
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IBI-A-9a
Accepted
Bereaved Partner Support Scheme
Recommendation
The IBSS cut-off date of 31 March 2025 be reviewed, that the scheme should as soon as possible reinstate support payments to partners bereaved after 31 March 2025 until such time as they receive compensation and that they should have … Read more
Published evidence summary
AI analysis did not return a result for this recommendation.
UK Government (Primary)
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