Brook House Inquiry

Completed
Chair Kate Eves Legal professional (non-judge)
Established 03 Feb 2020
Final Report 19 Sep 2023
Commissioned by Home Office

The Brook House Inquiry examined mistreatment of detainees at Brook House Immigration Removal Centre near Gatwick Airport between April and August 2017, following undercover footage broadcast by BBC Panorama. The inquiry found 19 incidents of mistreatment and made 33 recommendations.

Evidence & Impact
The Brook House Inquiry examined events at Brook House Immigration Removal Centre following undercover filming by BBC Panorama in 2017 which revealed mistreatment of detained people. The inquiry made 33 recommendations addressing oversight, conditions, safeguarding, use of force, healthcare, staffing, and complaints processes.

The government accepted 27 recommendations in principle, accepted one fully, placed two under consideration, and rejected three. The rejected recommendations concerned a 28-day detention time limit, NHS England responsibility for healthcare quality assurance, and changing the seniority of the Professional Standards Unit head.

According to a Written Parliamentary Answer in January 2025, the Home Office reported that 17 recommendations had been 'completed and closed as of October 2024', with a further five 'due for closure by end of January 2025', and 11 'on track for closure by summer 2025'. However, the evidence base for these assertions remains limited in the public domain.

Documented changes include new contractual arrangements for immigration removal centres, establishment of compliance and engagement teams, prohibition of specific restraint techniques, and a new staffing model. An interim Detention Services Order on Rule 40/42 has been published, with substantive revisions underway. The government has committed to legislative reform for Independent Monitoring Boards, though this awaits Parliamentary time.

A High Court ruling in December 2025 found the Home Secretary had failed to comply with Article 3 ECHR systems duty in Rule 35 safeguarding at Brook House between July 2023 and March 2024, noting only 20 Rule 35 reports were filed despite 260 ACDT care plans during this period. This suggests ongoing challenges in implementing safeguarding recommendations.

Many recommendations involve ongoing reviews and policy development work, including comprehensive reviews of complaints processes, Adults at Risk policy, and use of force protocols. While the government has indicated progress through ministerial statements, published evidence of completed implementation remains limited for most recommendations.
Reforms Attributed to This Inquiry
- New contracts for immigration removal centres requiring internal audit programmes and self-reporting by service providers
- Introduction of Detention Services Compliance Teams and Detention Engagement Teams in each IRC
- Quarterly Executive Oversight Boards bringing together senior Home Office officials and service provider executives
- Publication of interim Detention Services Order clarifying Rule 40 (removal from association) and Rule 42 (temporary confinement) authorisation protocols
- Prohibition communicated to all IRC staff that handcuffing behind backs whilst seated is not permitted
- Updated Detention Services Order on food and fluid refusal linking to Rule 35 process and Adults at Risk policy
- Implementation of maximum 9-hour overnight lock-in period
- New staffing model delivering nearly double the ratio of custodial staff per detained individual compared to 2017
- Introduction of mandatory code of conduct and staff engagement strategy
- Professional Standards Unit training updated to reflect Brook House Inquiry findings
Unfinished Business
- Legislative reform to provide Independent Monitoring Boards with statutory framework (commitment made in 2021 Prisons Strategy White Paper but awaiting Parliamentary time)
- Substantive revision of Detention Services Orders on Rule 40/42 (interim order published but full revision ongoing)
- Development of new Detention Services Order on use of force in consultation with experts
- Development of operational standards for use of force on detained people with mental ill health (working with HMPPS, NHS England and DHSC)
- Review of Adults at Risk policy and Detention Centre Rules 34 and 35
- Development of NHS England interim clinical guidance to support GPs on Rule 35 assessments
- Comprehensive review of complaints and whistleblowing processes
AI-generated narrative. Generated 26 Mar 2026 using claude-opus-4. Assessment is indicative, not authoritative.
Live tracking hearings, witnesses and documents synced daily from the inquiry website Open live tracker Search evidence
3 years, 7 months Duration
£285k Total Cost
46 Hearing Days
24 Core Participants
100,000 Documents
Government Response

Total Recommendations 33
Data last updated: 15 Dec 2025 · Source
Data verified: 11 Jun 2026 (Claude)
How to read this

Government Response tracks what the government said it would do (accepted, rejected, etc.).

Full methodology

1 debate 17 questions 4 statements since Sep 2023
10 Jan 2025
Written Question Migrants: Detainees
Bell Ribeiro-Addy (Labour)
18 Dec 2024
Written Question Immigration: Detainees
The Lord Bishop of Chelmsford (Bishops)
18 Dec 2024
13 Nov 2024
Written Question Immigration: Detainees
Olivia Blake (Labour)
12 Nov 2024
View all 22 mentions →
Title Volume Publication Date Tracked recs Links
The Brook House Inquiry Report Final Report 19 Sep 2023 33
01 Sep 2017
Panorama Broadcast

BBC Panorama broadcast undercover footage from Brook House IRC.

05 Nov 2019
Inquiry Announced

Home Secretary announced a statutory inquiry.

Source
05 Nov 2019
Chair Appointed

Kate Eves appointed as Chair.

13 Feb 2020
Terms of Reference Set

Inquiry to examine treatment of detainees April-August 2017.

Source
01 Nov 2021
Hearings Begin

Public hearings commenced.

19 Sep 2023
Final Report Published

Report found "cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment" of detainees.

Source
22 Nov 2023
Government Response

Home Office published response accepting recommendations.

Source
19 Sep 2024
One Year Progress Update

Home Office published progress update one year after report.

Total Inquiry Cost £284,998
Sum of annual reports
Cost Breakdown (to Mar 2020)
Inquiry Legal Costs £72,643 Panel remuneration & Counsel to the Inquiry
Core Participant Legal Costs - Legal funding for core participants
Panel £26,263
Staff £49,294
Other £136,798
Verbatim: 'As part of the Inquiry's commitment to transparency, it publishes details of its expenditure. The table below covers total expenditure from 5 November (when the Inquiry was announced) up to 31 March 2020.' 'The information in this report sets out the expenditure for the period 5 November 2019 to 31 March 2020, totalling £284,998. Costs are recorded on a resource basis and audited by the National Audit Office as part of the sponsoring Department accounts.' Table A: Costs — Chair £26,263; Inquiry staffing, including secretariat £49,294; Inquiry legal costs (solicitor, counsel and legal team) £72,643; Core participant and witness costs 'See notes below'; Running costs, including accommodation and IT £114,829; Consultancy and specialist services £21,969; TOTAL COSTS £284,998. Notes on costs (verbatim): 'These figures cover expenditure where invoices have been processed and accruals for the reporting period.' 'The final costs of the Inquiry will be published at the close of the Inquiry once all invoices have been received and settled. The categories in the table may expand during the progress of the Inquiry.' 'The Inquiry is directly funding its own legal team and all such costs are listed under the third row above, with the costs relating to the Chair included in the first row.' 'Core Participant and Witness costs: The Opening Hearing for the Inquiry took place on 21 April 2020. Expenditure relating to core participants or witnesses was not invoiced in the reporting period covered in this report and is therefore not included in the Inquiry's costs for this reporting period. The Inquiry will publish these figures in its 20/21 quarterly budget reports. Expenditure relating to core participants or witnesses to the Inquiry is made per the cost award protocol.' 'The Inquiry's costs are met by the Home Office who sponsor the Inquiry.' SOURCE ACCESS NOTE: the catalogued live URL (cloud-platform-e218f50a4812967ba1215eaecede923f.s3.amazonaws.com/...) returns HTTP 403 AccessDenied when fetched directly; this document was recovered via an Internet Archive Wayback Machine replay (captured 2023-10-15) and source_url points to that replay. MAPPING: panel_remuneration = Chair (£26,263). staff_costs = Inquiry staffing, including secretariat (£49,294). inquiry_legal_costs = Inquiry legal costs (solicitor, counsel and legal team) (£72,643), confirmed by the report's own note that 'The Inquiry is directly funding its own legal team and all such costs are listed under the third row above'. core_participant_legal_costs = 0: the table prints no figure for 'Core participant and witness costs' (cell reads 'See notes below'), but the notes explicitly state such expenditure 'was not invoiced in the reporting period covered in this report and is therefore not included in the Inquiry's costs for this reporting period' — i.e. nil for this specific period (not merely unstated); the Inquiry says it will publish these figures in its '20/21 quarterly budget reports' instead. accommodation_costs and technology_costs both left EMPTY: 'Running costs, including accommodation and IT' (£114,829) is a single blended line with no sub-breakdown between running costs, accommodation and IT, so it is not split — routed to other_costs in full instead. other_costs = Running costs, including accommodation and IT (£114,829) + Consultancy and specialist services (£21,969) = £136,798. safeguarding_costs left EMPTY: no such line published. All six published Table A rows (with the Core participant row taken as £0 per the notes) sum to exactly £284,998, matching the report's own printed TOTAL COSTS with no residual. BLOCKED (separately, not in this row): the Brook House Inquiry 2023/24 Quarter 2 Financial Report (cloud-platform-e218f50a4812967ba1215eaecede923f.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/sites/29/2023/11/Brook-House-Inquiry-2023-24-Q2-Financial-Statement-20231018.pdf) could not be recovered: the live URL 403s and the Wayback replay (captured 2023-12-17) returned repeated 'Internet Archive: Temporarily Offline' 503 responses and SSL/connection timeouts across multiple honest attempts; no figures for that report are included anywhere in this file.

Recommendations (1)

14
Accepted
Prohibit handcuffing behind back while seated
Recommendation
The Home Office and contractors operating immigration removal centres must ensure that all staff are aware that the technique of handcuffing detained people with their hands behind their back while seated is not permitted, given its association with positional asphyxia. Read more
Published evidence summary
- In March 2024, the Home Office stated that it had communicated to all IRC and contracted service provider staff that handcuffing behind the back while seated is not permitted (Government Response to the Brook House Inquiry, Home Office, March 2024).
- In December 2025, DSO 11/2025 (Use of Force for Adults in Detention) was published, explicitly prohibiting handcuffs behind the back while seated and citing the association with positional asphyxia, with a reference to the statutory basis in Section 44 of the Border Security, Asylum and Immigration Act 2025 (Detention Services Order 11/2025, Home Office, 19 December 2025).
Home Office (Primary)
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